STIMULATE Scientific and Technological Information Management in Universities and Libraries:an Activ

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STIMULATE Scientific and Technological
Information Management in Universities
andLibrariesan Active Training Environment

• BIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGE
• FORMATS
• Alan Hopkinson

Middlesex University UK
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGEFORMATSAlan Hopkinson
Middlesex University UK
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Introduction

• MARC UNIMARC, MARC21, CCF
• Do we still need MARC?
• Introduction to MARC
• MARC advantages and disadvantages
• Competition?

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Exchange or Communication Formats

• Format a carrier for data between two systems
  e.g. two library automation systems
  webserver and personal computer
• Format is the set of rules governing the data
  structure and content?

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Exchange and Communication Formats

• Format governs structure and content
• use ISO 2709 format for bibliographic
  information interchange on magnetic tape
• use 3-digit tags for content, described in
  appropriate MARC, UNIMARC or CCF manual

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MARC

• MARC, UNIMARC and CCF formats which have the
  common record structure based on the ISO 2709
  format
• 3-digit tags
• subfields a, b, 4
• indicators of 2 characters

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MARC

• Developed 1967 (joint British Library Library of
  Congress project)
• LC MARC (1967)
• UK MARC (1968)
• Various national formats

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MARC record structure

• Record structure for exchanging bibliographic
  records on magnetic tape
• Today we use disk but retain much of the record
  structure

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UNIMARC

• Need for international switching format
• UNIMARC, produced by IFLA, 1977
• 2nd ed., 1980, UNIMARC handbook, 1983, UNIMARC
  manual,

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UNIMARC users

• Used by national libraries for international
  exchange
• Used by certain countries for excahneg between
  national library and others

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CCF

• International Symposium on Bibliographic Exchange
  Formats, Taormina, 1978
• UNIMARC, secondary services formats, ISO
• UNESCO Ad hoc Group on a Common Communication
  Format

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CCF

• CCF published in 1984
• CCF (Factual) in 1992
• CCF (Bibliographic) in 1992
• CCF/F Implementation Notes 1994
• CCF/B Implementation Notes 1994

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CCF users

• Used by ST sector
• Used commonly in India
• Used by UN agencies

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MARC Harmoniszation

• In music harmony a simultaneous and
  successive combination of accordant sounds,i.e.
  to bring into agreementNOT to make uniform
• MARC harmonisation has raised many complex
  issues convcerning the requirements of user
  groups R.W. Hill, Setting the record straight

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MARC21

• Formerly called US MARC
• Marketed as international
• Universality of UNIMARC not satisfactory
• National Library of Canada adopted
• British Library to abandon UK MARC

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MARC 21advantages

• Uses the ISO 2709 record structure systems
  designers have a fixed structure to deal with
• Huge number of records available
• Format not proprietary
• Allows variable length and repeatable fields and
  subfields

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MARC record

• 0076800000000019300045000080039000000190015000390
  19001300054090000800067245017400075260003600249300
  00300028550000760031565000250039165000270041665000
  2400443700003000467700002700497949005000524880831
  s1974 ur a jW 0000 f eng00a505001173610
  a8818005900 nTAL30aTales of the Amber
  Seabfairy tales of the peoples of Estonia,
  Latvia, and Lithuania ecompiled and retold in
  English by Irina Zheleznovae illustrated by
  Anatoly Bilyukin00aMoscowbRaduga Publishers
  c197400 a259 p.bcol. ill.c22 cm.00aEnglish
  language ed. originally published by Progress
  Publishers, 1974.00aFairy taleszEstonia00aFai
  ry talesz Lithuania00aFairy taleszLatvia11aZ
  heleznovahIrina L'vovna11 aBilyukinhAnatolyyi
  ll b71964487cFOLKlIHmORD p0s398.209474
  TALzi

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MARC disadvantages

• Record structure is difficult for a human to
  read
• Record structure is difficult to program
• requires difficult control characters
• Large files (say over 20 Mb) are difficult to
  manipulate
• MARC does not facilitate links

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MARC - is it a standard?

• Record structure only is an ISO standard
• National libraries diverged in MARC format
• UK MARC 513 Summary note
• US MARC 520 Summary etc.
• UK MARC aShakespearehWilliam
• US MARC aShakespeare, William
• UNIMARC aShakespearebWilliam
• UNIMARC aShakespearebWilliam
• UNIMARC aShakespeare,bWilliam

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MARC21 users

• US and Canadian Libraries
• Australia, Spain, etc
• Users of library systems which support no other
  format

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Competition for MARC

• HTML
• XML
• ONIX
• Dublin Core (equivalent to Cataloguing Rules)

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HTML example

• lthtmlgtltbodygt
• lta nametopgt
• ltTABLE BORDER0 WIDTH"100"gtltTRgtltTD
  WIDTH"10"gtnbsplt/TDgtltTD WIDTH"80"gtltP
  ALIGN"LEFT"gtltform action"/cgi-bin/wwwi32.exe/in
  ah/ah.in" method"POST"gt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtTitlelt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp lt/tdgt
  lttd valigntopgtTales of the Amber Sea, fairy
  tales of the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and
  Lithuania, compiled and retold in English by
  Irina Zheleznova, illustrated by Anatoly
  Bilyukinlt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtImprint/Datelt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp
  nbsp lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgtMoscow Raduga
  Publishers, 1974lt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtExtentlt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp
  lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgt259 p. col. ill. 22
  cm.lt/tdgtlt/trgt

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• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtControl No.lt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp
  lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgt5050011736
  88180059lt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtNoteslt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp lt/tdgt
  lttd valigntopgtEnglish language ed. originally
  published by Progress Publishers, 1974.lt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtSubjectslt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp
  lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgtFairy tales. Estonia Fairy
  tales. Lithuania Fairy tales. Latvialt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtOther authorslt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp
  nbsp lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgtZheleznova, Irina
  L'vovna Bilyukin, Anatoly. illlt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont
  size1gtltigtClass no.lt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp
  lt/tdgtlttd valigntopgtTALlt/tdgtlt/trgt

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• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont size1gtltigt
  Copieslt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp nbsp lt/tdgt lttd
  valigntopgtltfont size-1gtIvy HouseltBgt, Shelved
  at 398.209474 TAL (Folktales Collection)lt/Bgtltbrgtlt
  /fontgtlt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lttrgtlttd alignright valigntopgtltfont size1gtltigt
  lta namebottomgt nbsp lt/igtlt/tdgtlttdgt nbsp
  nbsp lt/tdgt lttd valigntopgt nbsplt/tdgtlt/trgt
• lt/tablegt
• lt/bodygtlt/htmlgt

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XML ONIX

• lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• lt!DOCTYPE ONIXMessage SYSTEM "onix-international.d
  td"gt
• ltONIXMessage release"1.1"gt
• ltFromCompanygtB2B Solucioneslt/FromCompanygt
• ltFromPersongtHoracio Gonzalez horacio.gonzalez_at_b2bs
  oluciones.com (5411) 4590-2394lt/FromPersongt
• ltToCompanygtEDItEURlt/ToCompanygt
• ltToPersongtDavid Martin 44 (0)20 8843
  8607lt/ToPersongt
• ltMessageNumbergt1lt/MessageNumbergt
• ltSentDategt200007311330lt/SentDategtltPersonNamegtErnes
  to Saacutebatolt/PersonNamegt
• ltPersonNameInvertedgtSaacutebato,
  Ernestolt/PersonNameInvertedgt
• ltNumberOfPagesgt149lt/NumberOfPagesgt
• ltMainSubjectgt
• ltMainSubjectSchemeIdentifiergt25lt/MainSubjectScheme
  Identifiergt
• ltSubjectCodegt863Alt/SubjectCodegt
• ltSubjectHeadingTextgtNarrativa argentinalt/SubjectHe
  adingTextgt
• lt/MainSubjectgt
• ltAudienceCodegt01lt/AudienceCodegt
• ltImprintNamegtSeix Barrallt/ImprintNamegt
• ltPublisherNamegtPlanetalt/PublisherNamegt

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Dublin Core

• Dublin Core is an identification for
  machine-readable data
• The title page
• The index
• The CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)

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Not the Dublin Core

• Dublin Core is NOT The bibliographic record
  hence it is not easy to convert it to MARC21,
  UNIMARC or CCF any more than a title page in a
  book can be converted without intellectual effort
  into a standard format

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Conclusion

• Bibliographic exchange formats have led to some
  fossilisation of bibliographic systems or a
  stable environment

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Conclusion

• Exchange formats promote building of
  catalogues serve a different purpose from the
  more recently-developed kinds of metadata