Future Pilot Education and Training at University Level and Influences of ICAOMPLConcept

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Future Pilot Education and Training at University
Level and Influences of ICAO-MPL-Concept

• 1. European Congress on Pilot Training, COPAC
  Barcelona
• Prof. Dr. Gerhard Faber
• Research Center of Airline Pilot Training
  University of Technology
  Darmstadt Germany

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Lockheed L 1049 G gtSuper Constellationlt
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Boeing B 747-200
Boeing B 747-200
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Airbus A 380
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Increasing System Complexity of Aircrafts
Gerhard Faber 2005-06-28
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4. Generation of Jet aircraft increasing
system complexity gt less personnel in the
cockpit
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5. Generation of Jet A/C? European Union
Project IFATSInnovative Future Air Transport
SystemUnmaned Aerial Vehicles with passengers in
30 years? New Modes of Governance of Hybrid
Systems (where human actors and non-human agents
meet and interact)
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The ability of technical systems to make logical
decisions does not mean that they can be creative
(as human beings). There decisions are still
predetermined, although with greater freedom and
room for variation!
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Methods of development of automation

• Human oriented (anthropocentric)
• Technology oriented (techno- centric) gt
  artificial intelligence?

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Gerhard Faber 2005-06-28
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Gerhard Faber 2005-06-28
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Gerhard Faber 2005-06-28
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Classification Categories Human
Active Failure (Aware) H1 Non adherence to
laws, standards and procedures, not following
written rules, lack of ressource management,
gross lack of appropriate vigilance or
diszipline, lazyness.
Passive Failure (Unaware), Motivation,
Frustration, Hotels H2 Lack of Staff

Complacency, forgetness,
boredom, low arousal level,
coordination breakdown, distraction,
misunderstanding, communication
problems, lack of assistance, high workload
Proficiency Failure H3 Inappropriate
handling of aircraft and its systems.
Misjudgement. Lack of experience /
training / competence.
Incapacitation, Illnes H4 Flight crew member
unable to perform his / her duty due to physical
or psychological inability
Gerhard Faber 2005-06-28
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Unfortunately we do not have statistics about
incident- and accident prevention by highly
qualified pilots !
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Present Pilot Education and Training at
University LevelUniversities of Applied Sciences

• Bremen, Germany, ILST with LFT
• Osnabrück, Germany, with Bristol UK
• Saarbrücken, Germany with Cargolux
• Reus/Tarragona, Spain, CESDA
• Graz, Austria, FH Joanneum
• Zürich, Switzerland, ZHAW
• USA, many e. g. Embry-Riddle
• former Soviet Union Countries, some

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Central goals of University Pilot Training?

• Improvement of System Awareness
• Professionalization (officially recognized
  profession)
• Acquisition of an University Degree (e. g. in
  case of loss of license)
• Possible career in the management

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System Awareness

• System Awareness is the ability of pilots, to act
  in case of unforeseen events, when time is
  crucial, to know whats going on in the
  subsystems of the aircraft, and make the right
  choice - particularly when SOPs are no longer
  help!

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Examples

• 1.) Hapag-Lloyd-Crash, Wien
• Emergency landing due to fuel shortage
• Are the pilots familiar with the FMS
  Fuel-Calculation-Logic, particularly the low
  capacity of the system?
• E. g. A/C self check (with regard to FMS) what
  are the input parameters?
• Even experts are not immune to such incidents!

• 2.) TCAS survey in 1996
• The accuracy of the indication is often
  overestimated
• Experienced pilots sometimes use TCAS for
  purposes other then specified in the manual no
  producer guarantee!
• Are the system limits well-known?

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How doe the real A/C-systems work? Which internal
mental model have the pilots? Are they able to
work with this model?
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How far should pilots be able to think into the
A/C black box systems?

• 1. Dimension structure
• Details

• 2. Dimension function
• Abstracts

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Complexity and its description and representation
Rapidly increasing complexity
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Complexity and its description and representation
Glass Cockpit, window or barrier to the systems?
Rapidly increasing complexity

• And this in the media
• Cockpit displays
• Flight Training / CBT
• Documentation (AOM, FCOM, Checklists,)

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Complexity and its description and representation
Glass Cockpit, window or barrier to the A/C
systems?
Rapidly increasing complexity
Lack of system awareness

• Lack of experience, training and competence
• Traditional education and training are no longer
  applicable

Decision by company representatives on Technical
Documentation and Technical Communication to be
made available to the pilots Extent and degree
of technical subsystem knowledge?
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When the selection of information is the problem
- what are the key questions?

• 1.    How much technical knowledge pilots really
  need for day to day flying under normal
  conditions and in case of emergencies?

• 2.      How deep have the pilots get into the
  systems to be comfortable in normal operations?
  - Are todays education and training too
  superficial? 

• 3. Can modern systems be trained? To what extend
  can we bring system awareness to the pilots?

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To rule out misunderstandings The goal is not
intellectualization of pilot training by means of
a university degree but to accompany pilot
training with scientific methods and a sound
intellectual basis.
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Multi Crew Pilot License (MPL)A New
ICAO-FCL-TP-Concept

• MPL is an additional license (not a substitute to
  existing requirements)
• License focused on ab-initio airline pilot
  training
• Competence based training assesment
• Important Greater emphasis on Synthetic Training
  Devices (STDs)
• Training based on multi-crew environment
• Emphasis on Crew Resource Management (CRM)
• Threat an Error Management
• Medical Standards same as existing license
• Core flying skills including mandatory upset
  training (G. Forbes)
• Most important pilot training with scientific
  support to work with universities to confirm,
  disprove or modify ICAOs suggestions (G. Faber)

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Why Synthetic Training Devices (STDs)?

• Safety
• Economy
• Ecology
• Didactic Aspects

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"Simulators may be amazingly realistic but you
always know you will be going home at the end of
the day. There is no substitute for the
unpredictability of real flying." (The Times,
February 13, 2006)
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The original goal of the ICAO MPL draft (2005)
was the further development of commercial pilot
training with scientific support. The suggestions
contained in it involve not only great freedom of
movement but also questions that must be answered
by scientific and research communities. - The
aim is in cooperation with scientists to develop
a new training concept based on the ICAO
recommendations, to test it and to evaluate it.
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MPL-Key Questions

• How much simulator, how much aircraft in the
  ab-initio phase?
• How many solo flights, how many team flights?
• How can qualification be measured other than by
  counting flight hours?
• Can a TEM only be learned through experience or
  can it be taught as part of simulator or real
  training?
• What will best lead to better pilot system
  awareness? How have pilots to be enabled to
  "mentally open" the subsystems in their aircraft?
  
• How do we get from book learning to action
  oriented learning and action competence?
• How important is explicite (book) knowledge, how
  important implicite (experience) knowledge for a
  pilot?
• How can group interaction in high risk
  environments be improved?

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MPL and University Pilot Education and Training

• I am convinced that the growing complexity of
  air traffic, moving pilot training to the
  universities is the answer. Someone with
  responsibility over millions of Euros and
  hundreds of human lives deserves qualified
  training at the start and throughout his career.
• MPL, correctly understood and implemented,
  could be a chance.

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Thank you!