The earth is getting hotter and hotter worldwide due to activities of civilised culture

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The earth is getting hotter and hotter worldwide
due to activities of civilised culture
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Global Warming

• 1998, 2002, 2003 2004 and 2005 have been the five
  warmest years on record with 2005 being the
  second warmest
• 1990s was the warmest decade. Given the current
  trend, 2000s will likely exceed 1990s
• Global warming has led to changes in climate and
  its therefore known as climate change as well

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Causes of Global warming
a. increased greenhouse gases gt using petrol
to run cars, trucks, and boats power plants that
make electricity gt factories that make cargo
goods mining, logging and other highly polluting
industries
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Causes of Global warming
b. deforestation as tress die or are cut down or
burned to make plantations and agricultural
fields that do not absorb the carbon dioxide as
well as the forests
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Causes of Global warming
c. death of the oceans from pollution and
increasing water temperatures, including gt
the death of coral reefs that absorb CO2 gt a
decrease in phytoplankton (tiny plants) in the
ocean that are a major absorber of CO2 and also
give off more than 50 of the oxygen in the
atmosphere
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Causes of Global warming

• d. Ozone depletion (a big hole in the sky)
• gt makes global warming more serious as the sun
  is stronger killing phytoplankton in the ocean
  which helps to absorb carbon dioxide
• gt results from chemical pollution coming from
  factories and other activities of industrial
  civilised culture

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Causes of Global warming
e. Rice paddies, dam construction, landfill,
raising cattle and other livestock increases the
amount of methane, another greenhouse gas
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods

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More Frequent Serious Floods
Europe
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More Frequent Serious Floods
Asia
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More Frequent Serious Floods
Americas
New Orleans, US, Aug 05
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More Frequent Serious Floods
Africa
Guyana, Africa, Feb 05
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts

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More Frequent Severe Droughts
Europe
Dried up reservoir near Alicante, Spain, Jun 05
Reservoir at 13 percent capacity in Vadiello
Spain, 05
A cracked up reservoir in Alcora, Spain, Jun 05
Bare Pastures for cows, France, Jun 05
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Asia
More Frequent Severe Droughts
A dried irrigation canal in Cambodia, 05
Drought in Vietnam, Jun 05
Lake Pichola after years of drought, India, Feb 05
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More Frequent Severe Droughts
Asia
Guangdong, China, Jan 05
Dead fish on dried up reservoir, Hainan, Chian,
May 2005
Guangdong, China, Jan 05
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More Frequent Severe Droughts
? Fish rotting in the worldsecond largest river
as it dries up (Amazon) Oct 05
Americas
Drought shriveled corn, Missouri, US, Dec 05 ?
Ontario, Canada, Aug 05
? A dried up river in the heart of Brazils
Amazon due to the Worst Drought in Amazon, Nov 05
Lakes such as the Anama have been drying up in
the drought, Brazil, Oct 2005 ?
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More Frequent Severe Droughts
Africa
Drought in Somalia, Dec 05
Dead cow, weakened by drought and killed by a
flood, Niger, 05 ?
? Lionesses crossing the dry Ewaso Ngiro riverbed
in Kenya's Samburu game reserve, Jan 06
Malawi, South of Africa 05
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More Frequent Severe Droughts
Australia
Drought, Australia, 05
Parched Dam on Farm Near Goulburn, Australia, May
05
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• 3. More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes

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More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and Hurricanes

• gt Hurricanes form when ocean temperatures rise
  above
• 26C
• gt as sea temperatures rise, hurricanes become
  more
• frequent and stronger

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More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and Hurricanes
Hurricanes
Kaohsiung Taiwan, Oct 05
Southern Japan, Sep 05
Typhoon swept across Vietnam, Philippines and
South China, Sep 05
Hurricane Wilma, the strongest hurricane ever
over the Atlantic, hit Florida, US after
weakening Oct 05
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Hurricanes
BP's Thunder Horse rig undergoing repairs after
hurricane damage
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More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and Hurricanes
Tornados
Wisconsin, US, Aug 05
130 mph tornado in Birmingham, England, Jul 05
Indiana, US, Nov 05 ?
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general

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Increase in Extreme Weather Events
Hailstorms
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Increase in Extreme Weather Events
Cold Waves
? Boats on the frozen Baltic Sea in Hel, Poland,
Jan 06 with temperatures between 20 and 30 oC
below zero
Walking on lake of Pfaeffikon near Zurich,
Switzerland, Jan 06 ?
? The worst snow hit South Asia (Kashmir),
killing hundreds of people,Feb 05
Russia coldest in ten years, Jan 06
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Increase in Extreme Weather Events
Heat Waves
During mid-July, a heat wave settled over most of
the United States, with air temperatures soaring
past 38 C ?
Record heat stifled Australia in April 2005. The
average temperature for the entire continent was
2.9 C above average, making this the warmest
April on record ?
? Temperatures exceeding 50 oC in Orissa, India,
Jun 05
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires

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More Wild Fires
Global warming has led to drought and extremely
dry weather. Forest fires spread more easily in
hot and dry weather
Fires can have huge ecological impacts as many
animals and plants are killed
Forest fires USA
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More Wild Fires
Alaska, Jun 05
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems

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Changes in Global Ecosystems
Changes in the timing of life cycle events of
plants and animals (such as flowering, breeding,
migration e.g. some breadfruit trees on certain
Pacific Island s are bearing fruits all year, the
fruits not maturity and cannot be eat
earlier arrival of spring and summer,
disrupting animal migrations, altering balances
among species, and causing other unforeseen
problems
Deadnettle (left) blooming 39 days earlier than
in 1970
This yellow warbler was an early migrant at Point
Pelee National Park, Ontario, Canada.
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Changes in Global Ecosystems
warmer climate generally favouring species
that like higher temperatures at the expense of
species that like colder climate
species are starting to migrate to previously
colder regions to escape the rising heat e.g.
plankton (small plants and animals in the ocean)
to move hundreds of miles to the north to escape
from unprecedented warming on the sea waters
many populations and species becoming more
vulnerable to declining numbers or extinction
setting off a domino effect affecting animals
and plants that are dependent on each other for
survival as all species ate interconnected
Sub-alpine forest has invaded higher-elevation
alpine meadows, partly in response to warmer
temperatures
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population

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Decline in Krill Population
? develop best under seasonal ice ? thinner, less
extensive winter ice can reduce the size of the
shrimp-like Antarctic staple ? rising
temperatures and greater losses of sea ice could
also spell big problems for krill ? one of the
major links in the food web (just above
phytoplankton)

• EFFECT
• a staple food for everything from fish to whales,
  the decline of krill will have dire consequences
  for the entire marine ecosystem
• e.g. the Summer of 2005, a massive die off of
  sea lions, seals, birds, fish and all other
  marine life off of the West Coast of North
  America
• higher water temperatures have killed off the
  krill and most animals that have washed up dead
  appear to have starved to death

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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population
• Coral Bleaching

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Coral Bleaching
After Bleached Coral
Before Healthy Coral
High water temperatures in tropical regions cause
coral bleaching and subsequent death or adverse
change to reefs, thus leading to loss of living
coral cover
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Coral Bleaching

• Loss of biodiversity as coral reefs are diverse
  marine ecosystems and embrace possibly millions
  of plant and animal species.
• Further global warming as reefs play an important
  role in regulating global temperatures..
• Coastline erosion as reefs protect coastlines
  from intruding seawater .

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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population
• Coral Bleaching
• 9. Decline in phytoplankton (small plants that
  live in the ocean)

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Decline in phytoplankton (small plants that live
in the ocean)
gt decline in population in areas where water
temperatures have risen gt threatened by falling
icebergs related to global warming (see Melting
Glaciers below) gt threatened by ozone depletion
which makes the sun stronger damaging the growth
of phytoplankton and global warming is
known to worsen ozone depletion

• EFFECTS --- worsen global warming
• more than half of all carbon dioxide produced
  worldwide is absorbed by phytoplankton and turned
  into oxygen. Phytoplankton contributes more than
  50 of the oxygen in the atmosphere
• an important food source for many ocean species
  such as shrimps its decline will lead to a
  decline in ocean species that are dependent on it
  as food and other animals higher up on the food
  web
• e.g. a decline in shrimps and smaller fish
• less food for larger animals like seals and
  penguins
• whales, seals and the millions of shrimp-like sea
  creatures called krill are also threatened by the
  loss of many square miles of phytoplankton

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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population
• Coral Bleaching
• Decline in phytoplankton (small plants that
  live in the ocean)
• 10. Receding Glaciers Melting Snow

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Receding Glaciers
Arctic
Before
Now
1922
2002
Blomstrandbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen, Norway
2002
1918
Global warming is hitting the Arctic more than
twice as fast as the rest of the planet
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Receding Glaciers
Arctic
Before
Now
2004
1944
2004
1899
Global warming has led to the growth of
vegetation on previous glaciers
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Receding Glaciers
Arctic
1914
2004
Alaska, Arctic
Glaciers are receding on every continent and
turning into lakes
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Receding Glaciers
Antarctic
1928
Argentina, Antarctic
2004
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Receding Glaciers
Americas
Before
Now
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Receding Glaciers
Africa
Before
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Africa
February 17, 1993
February 17, 1993
Now
In the short run, the melting snow can cause
rivers to overflow In the long run, fresh water
will become scarce. This will have an adverse
effect on biodiversity as many plants and animals
depend upon the glacial melt runoff, particularly
during the dry seasons
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Receding Glaciers
Europe
Before
Austria, Europe
1875
Now
2004
Large-scale ice melt would raise sea levels and
flood coastal areas
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Receding Glaciers
Threatening Polar Ecosystems
Changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice cover
have shortened the hunting season for native
animals, with significant consequences for
vulnerable wildlife, such as polar bears, seals
and penguins.
Polar bear on rocks - Many females are getting
thinner and less able to feed their cubs as their
hunting time shortened from 150 to just 60 days
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Melting Snow
1979
The North Pole's summer ice cap is getting
smaller and smaller.
2003
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Melting Snow
ocean currents carry warm surface waters from the
equator toward the poles and moderate global
climate. This global circuit takes up to 1,000
years to complete

• Western Europe and Eastern North America could be
  severely affected with colder weather
• gt the arctic begins to melt and send fresher
  waters further south
• gt the freshwater makes seawater move more
  slowly, a trend which is
• already happening
• gt the Gulf Stream that contains the warmer water
  and brings warmth
• from the Gulf of Mexico to Northern Europe
  and Eastern North America
• (the warm-water circulation in the North
  Atlantic) will stop, causing them
• to greatly cool off even as the rest of the
  world warms

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Melting Snow

• Slowing of the warm-water circulation in the
  North Atlantic will harm marine ecosystem
• gt this circulation helps to bring deep-water
  nutrients to ocean surface,
• feeding plankton and phytoplankton
• gt if this circulation is slowed or stopped,
  global plankton stock could
• decrease by 1/5 (assuming a decline over 500
  years) with disastrous
• effects on ocean ecology and human food
  supply

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Melting Snow
February 17, 1993
February 21, 2000
The whole western Siberian sub-Arctic region has
started to thaw
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Collapsing Ice Shelves
As polar ice and snow melt, the underlying land
or ocean is exposed, which does not reflect the
Sun's rays as well as highly reflective ice and
snow, resulting in even warmer climate.
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population
• Coral Bleaching
• Receding Glaciers Melting Snow
• Rising Sea levels

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Sea Level Rises
Many low-lying islands in the Pacific would be
the first to go under as sea level rises
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Sea Level Rises
As sea water seeps into soil, the soil becomes
too salty to grow traditional crops
Islanders would need to leave their native
homelands leading to a loss of unique cultures
All land animals and plants will be drowned,
leading to major loss of biodiversity
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Sea Level Rises
Sea water begins to seep into underground water
and rivers, turning freshwater into brackish
water which is undrinkable nor can people wash
with it without developing rashes.
Erosion along Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, US
has been about 3 metres per year in recent years
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Sea Level Rises
? Papua New Guinea, about 2,000 people on the
Cantaret Islands are planning to move to
nearby Bougainville island
? in Tegua, Vanuatu With coconut palms on the
coast already standing in water, inhabitants in
the Lateu settlement on Tegua island in Vanuatu
started dismantling their wooden homes in August
05 and moved about 600 metres inland
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Consequences of Global Warming

• More Frequent and Serious Floods
• More Frequent and More Severe Droughts
• More Frequent and Stronger Tornados and
  Hurricanes
• More Extreme Weather in general
• More Wild Fires
• Changes in Global Ecosystems
• Decline in krill Population
• Coral Bleaching
• Receding Glaciers Melting Snow
• Rising Sea levels
• Infectious diseases are on the rise

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Infectious diseases are on the rise
Disease outbreaks in humans are likely to
increase as global climate change
Disease-carrying mosquitoes expands their range

• Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever viruses
  were previously limited to elevations of 3,300
  feet but recently appeared at 7,200 feet in the
  Andes Mountains of Colombia.
• Malaria has been detected in new
  higher-elevation areas in Indonesia.

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Unless all cargo destruction is stopped, the
problem will only get worse.