Copper is blowing in the Wind

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Copper is blowing in the Wind

• Energy Efficiency Media Tour
• 28 November 2002
• Building a sustainable energy future
• Prof R Belmans
• Head of Department, ESAT, KULeuven
• President, UIE

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Contents

• Introduction
• Kyoto protocol
• Energy savings
• Transformers
• Electric motors
• Renewable energy
• Wind power
• Photovoltaics
• Conclusions

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Kyoto Protocol

• Ratified by EU 31/5/2002
• Commits EU to 8 reduction of GHG levels,
  respective of 1990266 million ton CO2 equivalent
  by 2010
• Year 2000 emissions stable at 1990 level(source
  European Environment Agency)

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Implementing Kyoto

• European Climate Change Program (ECCP)
• Cost effective measures identified for 664 MtCO2
  eq (2 times Kyoto targets)
• Possible contributions (lt 20 / ton)
• Renewables (incl. wind) 126 Mt CO2 eq
• Energy efficiency 275 Mt CO2 eq
• Energy efficiency renewables alone can
  implement the Kyoto agreement
• This supposes a constant impact of nuclear power
  (no phase out by some countries)

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Contributions to Kyoto (ECCP)
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Cost of Kyoto agreement

• Expected to be 10 / EU citizen, but could be 10
  times higher
• Energy efficiency measures cost effective
• Expenditure can drive technology and business
  opportunities in Europe Source European
  Commission DG Environment

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Energy efficiency - a N.1 priority

• Enhances security of supply also given the fact
  that the transmission capacity is limited
• Cost effective way to meet Kyoto
• Favors employment
• Reduces cost for EU households
• Strengthens competitiveness
• EU leadership role on energy technology is
  confirmed

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Energy efficiency the first line of defense
Source World Energy Assessment, UNDP
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Energy efficiency the 2nd fuel

• Based on 30 energy conservation potential
• Nuclear, renewables
• Source European Commission Annual Energy
  Review 2001
• Courtesy Alliance to Save Energy www.ase.org for
  concept of this graph

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Rational use of energy

• Transformers
• Electric motors
• Optimum cables
• Busbar systems
• Improved lighting systems
• Electroheat and BAT
• Railway transport

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Domestic applications
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Transformers

• Many transformers in the grid
• Main grid transformers are well optimised
• Distribution transformers are fully price driven
• No-load losses are dominated by the iron
• Load losses depend on the conductors
• Conductors can be either aluminum or copper
• Winding or foil type conductor

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Copper and energy efficiency high efficiency
transformers
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High efficiency transformers
High loss
Low loss
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Modern transformer
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Copper and energy efficiency high efficiency
motors
Standard motor 50 kg
High efficiency motor 75 kg
Saves 320 kg CO2 / year Saves 800 kWh / year
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Electric motors have a long tradition
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Coppers contribution
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Coppers contribution

• Cost of realizing 50 TWh / year savings
• 1 million ton Cu
• Euro 4B
• Investment in equipment
• Euro 10B

• Benefits of realizing 50 TWh / year savings
• Save 36 million barrels of oil / year
• Euro 23 B
• Save 20 million ton of emissions / year
• Euro 10 B
• Avoid 6 power stations
• Euro 6 B

• Based on 25 years equipment lifetime
• Based on 20 euro per ton CO2, or 0.8 c/kWh
  (0.4 kg CO2/kWh)

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Renewable energy

• Definition is not evident
• Large hydro is somewhat excluded
• Distributed generation will have a large
  contribution
• Wind energy is the most promising for the
  foreseeable future
• Biomass
• Photovoltaics is a long term source

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Wind energy

• Many small generators
• Different types
• Variable speed will be the main target
• On-shore is relatively simple
• Off-shore is more interesting

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Wind turbine
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Low speed machines
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Off-shore
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Realistic off-shore parc
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Photovoltaics

• Individual panel
• Stand alone systems
• Grid connected
• Building integration
• Large systems
• All dc society ?

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Photovoltaic system space
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Photovoltaic plants
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All dc society
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Conclusions

• Energy efficiency is the first pillar towards
  building a sustainable energy future
• Energy efficiency is essential for cost-effective
  implementation of the Kyoto agreement
• A ton of copper used properly in energy systems
  saves 200 ton of CO2 emissions
• The more electric society will require more
  copper
• Decentralised generation, and thus renewables,
  will require a lot of copper wiring