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Energy Environment and Buildings Renewable
Energy Kevin Hydes P Eng Guido Petinelli
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• Arch-377
• Energy, Environment and Buildings
• Lecture Schedule Winter 2006
• - January 6 Sustainability and Architecture an
  Introduction
• - January 13 History of Assessment Tools LEED in
  Detail
• - January 20 Sustainable Sites
• Site Visit Caisse de Dépôt, Montreal
• - January 27 740 Bel-air Building
• - February 3 Water Efficiency
• Green Roofs
• February 10 Mechanical Services an Overview of
• Standard Practices
• - February 17 Materials and Embodied Energy
• - February 24 No classes
• - March 3 Energy Efficiency
• Emerging Systems
• - March 10 Renewable Energy
• - March 17 Mountain Equipment Co-op Montreal

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• 5.4 Energy Sources

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Narrowing The Gap
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• 5.4 Energy Sources
• Objective
• To select energy sources with the lowest possible
  environmental impact.
• 5.4 Energy sources Includes
• Non-Renewable Energy Sources
• Renewable Energy Sources

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Vancouver Sun October 5, 2001
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• Non-renewable Energy Sources
• Objective
• To provide maximum efficiency when using
  non-renewable energy sources.
• Summary of Strategies for use across Canada
• Use non-renewable energy sources in an efficient
  manner.
• Plan for fuel cell applications in the near
  future.

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• Renewable Energy Sources
• Objective
• To select low impact renewable energy sources
  whenever possible.
• Summary of Strategies for use across Canada
• When possible, select low impact energy sources.
• Design with the entire energy infrastructure in
  mind.
• Choose source, transmission and storage systems
  that require a minimum number of transformations,
  which reduce efficiency.
• Design buildings and developments that supply
  energy as well as consume it.
• Match energy source output with appropriate needs
  for electric or heat power.
• Use connections to the grid for onsite
  electricity generation which can to wind back
  electricity meters with excess power, thereby
  reducing total annual consumption.
• Design for adaptation to future and more
  sustainable technologies.

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• Renewable Energy Sources
• Telus Office Building
• Photovoltaic cells sandwiched in laminated glass
  panels are integrated into the new skin.
• Power is provided to fans during the hot sunny
  periods to assist in cooling the new external
  cavity.

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• Telus Office Building
• Busby Associates Architects
• Vancouver, 1998-2001
• Integrated solar panels

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Pincher Creek wind turbine farm Pincher Creek, AB
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• Telus Building and Sustainability
• Decision to recycle building saved 16,000
  tonnes of solid waste landfill
• Completed building saved 15,600 tonnes of
  greenhouse emissions (CO2)
• Building systems operations save 520 tonnes of
  greenhouse emissions per year
• Over a 75 year lifespan, this project will save
  54,600 tonnes of greenhouse emissions

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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Residential Systems

1. Initial cost between 10,000 20,000.
2. Cut heating bills by two-thirds.
3. Approximately 2,000 saving a year.
4. Manitoba already has incentive programs for
   geothermal systems.

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Geothermal Residential Systems

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What is Geothermal Heating

• - The use of energy stored in the earth to
  provide heating and / or cooling.
• - Energy is relatively low grade cannot be used
  directly
• - Energy is upgraded via the use of vapour
  compression refrigeration cycle Heat Pumps.
• - Can use ground as a large energy store.

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Ground Source Heat Pump HVAC Systems

• Can be used with most types of HVAC System
• Works most efficiently with Low temperature
  systems such as Radiant floor Heating - Well
  suited to care facilities.
• Balanced Heating and cooling leads to a more
  economically viable system
• Some systems sized on basis of cooling load and
  heating supplemented by natural Gas boilers.

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Heat Pump
Like a fan coil with a refrigeration circuit

COOLING
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Heat Pump

HEATING
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Hydronic Heat Pump
Winter Cooling in interior Transfers heat to
heating on perimeter Summer All units cooling
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• Loop - 60ºF90ºF
• - Loop temperature floats
• gt90ºF - Closed circuit cooler rejects heat
• lt60ºF - Boiler adds heat

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Issues

• Compressor noise an issue if not dealt with
  properly
• Distributed electrical load

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Ground Source Heat Pumps
Ground source piping replace boiler and closed
circuit cooler
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Performance
2 kW heat from ground 1 kW heat from
compressor 3 kW heat COP 3
Heat Balance
Winter extract heat from ground Summer reject
heat to ground Nature likes a balance- heat in /
heat out on an annual basis If use heating only
ground will get cold over time
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Heat Transfer In Ground
Good Moist ground Granite Poor Dry sand
IF HEAT IMBALANCE WITH GROUND

• Horizontal water flow can dissipate heat
• Supplement heat deficit with solar collectors in
  summer
• Add cooling tower if heat excess

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• Heat Pumps And GHG
• How is Electricity Generated?

• BC/Quebec - Hydro dominated 30-50 TCO2E / GWH
• Alberta - Coal dominated 970 TCO2E/GWH
• Gas boiler _at_ 80 efficiency 255 TCO2E/GWH Heat
• Heat pump _at_ COP 3 (i.e. 31)
• BC/Quebec 10 to 17 TCO2E/GWH Heat
• Alberta 323 TCO2E/GWH Heat

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Direct Ground Coupling

• Can use ground water as GSHP flow
• Ground water (cold) for direct cooling?

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Geothermal Systems Types

• Horizontal Closed Loop
• Vertical Closed Loop
• Open well type
• Lake type - submerged

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Where Geothermal Systems are most cost effective

• In Buildings with large Loads and extended hours
  of operation.
• Where Natural Gas is unavailable
• Where both heating and cooling is required.
• Where owner is prepared to invest in system for
  reduced energy cost.
• Where Mechanical Room space is restricted
• Where visible outdoor mechanical plant is not
  desired.

Which Type of Ground Source Heat Exchanger to Use?
Horizontal type typically for small loads less
than 30 tons (300,000 BTU/hr) due to land area
and excavation costs. Vertical closed loop type
for loads greater than 30 tons. Open well type
can be most cost effective - best if high ground
water flow. Open well type better for imbalanced
loads Most important point is to use system
appropriate for ground conditions.
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Largest Cost Variable is the Geothermal Heat
Exchanger

• Performance and cost of Heat Exchanger directly
  linked to Ground Conditions
• Ground Conditions can be complex and variable
• Drilling or Trench costs vary significantly with
  Ground Conditions drilling costs 6 to 35/ft.
• Performance of heat exchanger varies with ground
  conditions approx. 100foot per Ton or
  12,000BTU/hr

System Benefits

• Low energy consumption typically savings of 20
• Payback in order of 6 to 8 years possibly less
  for 24 x 7 operation
• Small Mechanical room requirements
• Less outdoor equipment i.e. no chillers / cooling
  towers
• No cooling tower maintenance - hence no risk of
  Legionnaires disease.
• Less external noise
• Equipment not at risk from Vandalism
• No architectural screens required therefore
  better building aesthetics.

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Direct Ground Cooling - Summer
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Direct Ground Cooling - Winter
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Summary

• Select system based on site ground conditions.
• Carry out survey of site geology and test
  drilling
• Do not impose ground source heat exchanger design
  on site.
• Payback in order of 6 to 8 years - shorter for 24
  x 7 operation
• Energy savings of 20 compared to conventional
  systems
• Open well system most cost effective and suitable
  for unbalanced loads

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Thermal Solar Energy
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What can be done with solar energy?

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Solar Wall

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Vancouver International Airport Domestic Hot
Water Solar Panels (Largest System in Canada)
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White Rock Operations Centre
LEED Gold Certified
BUSBY PERKINS WILL ARCHITECTS
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Techniques
Solar Tubes In hazy sunshine conventional solar
panels are only 5 efficient - barely enough heat
to take the chill off water. However, solar
tubes under the same condition are an amazing 75
efficient giving solid water heating capability
from hazy sunshine.
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Photovoltaic Energy Day Lighting
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Techniques
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics (PV) or solar cells as they are
often referred to, are semiconductor devices that
convert sunlight into direct current (DC)
electricity. Groups of PV cells are electrically
configured into modules and arrays, which can be
used to charge batteries, operate motors, and to
power any number of electrical loads. With the
appropriate power conversion equipment, PV
systems can produce alternating current (AC)
compatible with any conventional appliances, and
operate in parallel with and interconnected to
the utility grid.
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RD Support for 3rd Generation PV Technology

• Industry Canada and TEAM
• 29 M GC for Spheral Solar? Technology
• 60 M from ATS and private partners

Flexible product (0.05-0.08/kWhr electric
generation costs potential)
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Automation of PV manufacturing equipment
Cost reductions through automation
TEAM 3.2M CIDA 1.9M Private 6.7M
www.atsautomation.com
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Vancouver, BC
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Wind Energy
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Building-integrated Wind Power

• - goes beyond wind as utility thinking
• - wind can be a good load match for building
• - diurnal winds match with office building demand
• - larger than residential, smaller than wind
  farms
• - can offer excellent economics
• - great opportunity for expansion of sustainable
  design and wind power

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• Alberici Corporate Headquarters, St. Louis
• 10,000 sq.ft. building aiming for LEED platinum
• considering using wind power
• existing sign pylon could be used for tower
• 250 kW unit could provide 225,000 kWh per year
• approximately half of buildings energy needs
  could be met

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KEEN WIND POWER EXPERIENCE

• Numerous studies for specific sites and buildings
• Claresholm Alberta
• Winnipeg Manitoba
• Vancouver BC
• Calculation of risks involved

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Challenges For Building-integrated Wind Power

• Lack of mid-sized turbines (10-500 kW range)
• lack of client buy-in (unexpected to see a
  windmill beside a building)
• lack of wind where there is client buy-in
• utilities not set up to purchase from small
  suppliers

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INFLUENCE OF LEED GREEN POWER CREDIT

• LEED green power credit point requires
• two year contract
• Green-e standard 50 renewables content
• could be wind power
• 30 of LEED certified projects captured this
  point
• this point encourages wind farm development

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Solar Natural Ventilation
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SUNPIPE

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Techniques
Envelope
Establishing a good envelope.. Stick with
it Targets ASHRAE 90.1 75 less 50 less High
performance glazing Solar control Daylight vs
Heat Gain
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Techniques
Stratification
Hot air rises High hot spaces High heat gain
spaces Reduce cooling loads/ system volumes
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Techniques
Building Structure
Dynamic Thermal Storage Exposed Structure
Heavier Structure Transient Space
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Techniques
Reflective Roofing System We have all felt the
effects of dark versus light clothing on a sunny
summer day. Because dark colors reflect less
solar energy, dark is hot and light is cool. The
same principles govern roof temperatures. The
lower temperatures of light-coloured roofs reduce
the air-conditioning energy needed to maintain
comfort cooling. Homeowners want the roofs on
their homes to protect the underlying structure
for a long time at an affordable cost.
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Techniques
Solar Control
Keep the sun out, but let daylight in External
shading, and internal shading Glass
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Techniques
Day lighting
Access to day light North light Light shelves and
exposed ceiling Reduce electrical loadsreduces
cooling loads
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Techniques
Day lighting
Access to day light North light Light shelves and
exposed ceiling Reduce electrical loadsreduces
cooling loads
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Techniques
Daylighting
Ecotect Software

• Models daylighting along with solar analysis and
  thermal calculations.
• Good graphical display of solar shading so as to
  demonstrate the shading technique used.
• It employs a designer-friendly 3D modeling
  interface, with single line drawings using zones,
  planes.

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Techniques
Daylighting
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Techniques
Daylighting
Radiance Lighting Daylighting Simulation
Tool Office space with 10ft ceiling Simulated
without blinds Glare effects of the sun No proper
shading Various features could be added
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USE ENERGY MODELING

• Used to analyze and direct design decisions.
• - Used at conceptual design stage start simple
  with quick studies later, fully developed model
  for code compliance

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WHAT IS AN ENERGY MODEL

• A computer simulation that takes into account
• - Site, climate, and orientation
• - Building components wall, roofs, foundation,
  windows, and doors, etc.
• - Internal loads from lights, people, and
  equipment
• - Building systems
• - Local utility rates
• - Typical year weather
• - Hours of operation

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IT STARTS FROM THE BEGINNING

• - Use the model at initial design with massing
  and orientation studies
• - Use simple models for fast turn around
• - Always make the building skin and form improve
  the energy performance
• - Validate shading features and light shelves
• - Encourage passive solar techniques
• - Minimize mechanical and electrical systems

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ENERGY MODELING CAN SHOW

• How building form can affect the energy use of
  the building
• How building skin can affect energy use
• How window-to-wall ratio can affect energy use
• Effect of glazing elements, insulation etc.

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SKIN LOAD DRIVES AIR MOTION RATE WHAT IF SKIN IS
EXCELLENT?

• Heating, cooling and ventilation requirements may
  be reduced.

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WHAT IF SKIN IS POOR?

• Heating, cooling and ventilation requirements may
  be increased.
• Larger ducts and fans higher capital costs
• More energy to heat, cool and ventilate higher
  energy costs
• MORAL find the most cost effective skin that
  permits minimum heating, cooling and ventilation.

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Techniques
Task Lighting
Reduces large overall lighting requirements. Light
ing is provided where needed
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Techniques
Glass walls
Allows natural lighting to penetrate deeper
areas while providing privacy
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Techniques
Natural Ventilation
It is not new Building Shapes - I, T, E
shaped Cross or Stack Ventilation Operable Windows
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Techniques
WIND PRESSURE INDUCED AIRFLOW
Source Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic
Buildings, CIBSE AM10 1997
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Techniques
NATURAL VENTILATION - RULES OF THUMB
Source Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic
Buildings, CIBSE AM10 1997
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Techniques
NATURAL VENTILATION - RULES OF THUMB
Source Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic
Buildings, CIBSE AM10 1997
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Techniques
NATURAL VENTILATION - RULES OF THUMB
Source Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic
Buildings, CIBSE AM10 1997
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Underfloor Air
Stack Effect
Hot air rises The higher, the better Airflow
generated if vertical path is provided
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Underfloor Air
Personal Control
Personal control of the access floor system is
one of the many advantages of the system. This
outlet can be adjusted for the individual comfort
of the people nearby
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A typical access floor system outlet
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Underfloor Air
Displacement Diffuser
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Underfloor Air
Floor Twist Diffuser
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5.0 Energy and Atmosphere

• 5.5 Regulations, Linkages and Tradeoffs

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5.0 Energy and Atmosphere

• 5.5 Regulations, Linkages and Tradeoffs
• Work with authorities having jurisdiction.
• Promote integrated resource management.
• Promote integrated design approach.
• Advocate for wind back possibility.
• Take advantage of linkages and balance linkages
  and tradeoffs.
• Look for synergies related to
• Sustainable site design
• Material efficiency
• Indoor environmental quality
• Balance tradeoffs related to
• Indoor environmental quality

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