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CHAPTER 17 PLANTS, FUNGI AND THE COLONIZATION OF LAND

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EVOLUTION OF LIFE PLANT AND FUNGI. FIRST PLANTS EVOLVED FROM ... WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAIN ORGANS OF A FLOWER? WHAT ARE THE FEMALE PARTS AND WHAT ARE THE MALE? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CHAPTER 17 PLANTS, FUNGI AND THE COLONIZATION OF LAND


1
CHAPTER 17 PLANTS, FUNGI AND THE COLONIZATION
OF LAND
2
SYMBIOSIS CLOSE ASSOCAITION BETWEEN TWO
ORGANISMS
  • PARASITISM ONE BENEFITS AND ONE IS HARMED
  • COMMENSALISM ONE BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NOT
    AFFECTED
  • MUTUALISM BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT

3
FUNGI CAN BE BOTH HARMFUL AND BENEFICIAL TO PLANTS
  • FUNGI CAN CAUSE DISEASE - PARASITES
  • FUNGI CAN CATCH AND EAT SMALL ANIMALS
  • FUNGI DECOMPOSE DEAD ORGANISMS
  • FUNGUS GROW WITH THE ROOTS OF A RED PINE TREE
    MYCORRHIZA FUNGUS
  • THE FUNGUS ABSORBS PHOSPHOROUS, WATER AND OTHER
    NUTRIENTS FROM THE SOIL THAT ARE THEN AVAILABLE
    TO THE PLANT
  • SUGARS PRODUCED BY THE PLANT BENEFIT THE FUNGUS

4
FUNGI CAN DECOMPOSE DEAD ORGANISMS
  • IMPORTANT BREAKDOWN ORGANIC MATTER AND RETURN
    NEEDED INORGANIC MATERIALS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

5
A MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS GROWING ON A TREE
6
EVOLUTION OF LIFE PLANT AND FUNGI
  • FIRST PLANTS EVOLVED FROM GREEN ALGAE
  • PLANTS CREATED NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROKARYOTES
    AND PROTISTS
  • PLANTS MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR HERBIVORS AND
    PREDATORS TO EVOLVE ON LAND

7
WHAT ARE PLANTS?
  • MULTICELLULAR
  • EUKARYOTES
  • SOME SIMILARITES TO GREEN ALGAE BUT PLANTS
    SURVIVE ON LAND
  • OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ALGAE

8
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ALGAE
  • PLANTS GREEN ALGAE
  • STEM SUPPORTS THE PLANT HOLDFAST FOR SUPPORT
    NOT A RIGID SUPPORT
  • OBTAIN CHEMICALS FROM ENTIRE ALGAE OBTAINS SOIL
    AND AIR CO2 AND MINERALS DIRECTLY FROM
    WATER
  • LEAF PERFORMS ENTIRE ALGAE PERFORMS
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND IN WATER

9
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10
PLANTS MOVE WATER, MINERALS AND SUGAR BY MEANS OF
A VASCULAR SYSTEM
  • XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS UP THE
    PLANT
  • PHLOEM DISTRIBUTES SUGARS

11
ADAPTATIONS FOR PLANTS LIVING ON LAND
  • CUTICLE PREVENT WATER LOSS
  • STOMATA GAS EXCHANGE
  • VASCULAR TISSUE
  • ROOTS, SHOOTS AND LEAVES
  • GAMETANGIA PROTECTIVE CELLS THAT SURROUND
    GAMETES PREVENT GAMETES FROM DRYING OUT IN THE
    AIR

12
MORE ADAPTATIONS FOR PLANTS LIVING ON LAND
  • EMBRYO DEVELOPS ATTACHED TO AND NOURISHED BY THE
    PARENT PLANT
  • WIND OR ANIMAL DISPERSION OF POLLEN OR SEEDS
  • SPORES WITH PROTECTIVE WALLS

13
PLANTS EVOLVED FROM GREEN ALGAE
  • EVOLUTION TIME LINE
  • CHAROPHYCEANS GREEN ALGAE
  • BRYOPHYTES MOSSES, NONVASCULAR
  • VASCULAR PLANTS WITH NO SEEDS FERNS, HORSETAILS
  • PLANTS WITH SEEDS CONIFERS
  • FLOWERING PLANTS - ANGIOSPERMS

14
  • 4 lineages of plants
  • Nonvascular
  • Seedless vascular
  • Vascular with seeds
  • Flowering plants

15
REVIEW OF DEFINTIONS
  • DIPLOID TWO COPIES OF A GENE
  • SPOROPHYTES
  • HAPLOID ONE COPY OF A GENE
  • GAMETOPHYTES
  • FERTILIZATION - FORMS A DIPLOID ZYGOTE
  • POLLINATION ARRIVAL OF POLLEN AT THE FEMALE BY
    WIND OR ANIMALS
  • SEED CONTAINS AN EMBYO WITH A FOOD SUPPLY
    WITHIN A PROTECTIVE COVERING

16
HAPLOID AND DIPLOID GENERATIONS ALTERNATE IN LIFE
CYCLES
17
NONVASCULAR PLANT LIFECYCLE NO SEEDS OR FLOWERS
(1)
18
VASCULAR PLANT LIFECYCLE NO SEEDS OR FLOWERS (2)
19
VASCULAR PLANT WITH SEEDS (3)
20
VASCULAR PLANT WITH SEEDS AND FLOWERS (4)
21
WHAT ARE FRUIT?
  • MATURE OVARY
  • HELP DISPERSE THE SEEDS

22
WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAIN ORGANS OF A FLOWER?WHAT
ARE THE FEMALE PARTS AND WHAT ARE THE MALE?
23
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24
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF MUTUALISM?
  • WHAT IS THAT?
  • FLOWERING PLANTS (ANGIOSPERMS) AND LAND ANIMALS
  • ANGIOSPERM DEPEND ON INSECT, BIRDS OR MAMMALS FOR
    POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL
  • LAND ANIMALS DEPEND ON ANGIOSPERMS FOR FOOD

25
MUTUALISM BETWEEN FLOWERS AND ANIMALS
  • BEE TAKES POLLEN FROM BAT EATS PART OF
    A FLOWER,
  • STAMENS, WILL TRANSER WILL TRANSFER SOME
    POLLEN
  • IT TO THE FEMALE PARTS OF TO THE NEXT
    FLOWER IT
  • THE NEXT FLOWER IT VISITS VISITS

26
FUNGI
  • HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES
  • ACQUIRE NUTRIENTS BY ABSORPTION
  • MOST GROW IN THE GROUND
  • MOST ARE MUTLICELLULAR
  • EXAMPLES MUSHROOMS, MOLDS
  • SOME ARE UNICELLULAR - YEASTS

27
UNIQUE FEATURES OF FUNGI
  • HYPHAE
  • THIN, BRANCHING FILAMENTS, ARE DISTINTIVE
    FEATURES UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
  • MYCELIUM
  • BRANCHES OF HYPHAE FORMING A NETWORK

28
MYCELIUM ARE COMPOSED OF HYPHAE
29
FEATURES OF FUNGI
  • HAVE A PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • HAVE A CELL WALL
  • MADE OF A SUGAR CALLED CHITIN
  • PLANT CELL WALL MADE OF CELLULOSE
  • HYPHAE SECRETE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST PLANT CELLS SO
    THAT FUNGI CAN GROW IN/ON THE PLANTS

30
MORE FEATURES OF FUNGI
  • MOST ARE NOT MOTILE
  • DO NOT HAVE FLAGELLA OR AMOEBOID-LIKE CELLS
  • MYCELLIUM GROW FAST AND BRANCHES OUT ITS HYPHAE
    TO OBTAIN FOOD

31
LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI VARY
  • YEAST REPRODUCE BY MITOTIC CELL DIVISION
  • OTHER FUNGI HAVE THREE DISTINCT PHASES IN THEIR
    LIFE CYCLE
  • DIPLOID PHASE
  • HAPLOID PHASE
  • DIKARYOTIC PHASE CELLS CONTAIN TWO DISTINCT
    HAPLOID NUCLEI THAT HAVE NOT FUSED YET

32
LICHENS CONSIST OF FUNGI LIVING MUTUALISTICALLY
WITH PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
  • LICHENS ASSOCIATION OF GREEN ALGAE WITH FUNGAL
    HYPHAE

33
HOW IS THIS RELATIONSHIP MUTUALISTIC?
  • FUNGUS RECEIVED FOOD FROM THE ALGAE (BECAUSE OF
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
  • FUNGUS PROVIDES A SUITABLE HABITAT FOR THE ALGAE
    HELPING TO ABSORB AND RETAIN WATER AND MINERALS

34
  • MUTUALISTIC FUNGI
  • MYCORRHIZAE
  • LICHENS
  • DECOMPOSERS
  • PARASITIC FUNGI
  • LIVE ON PLANTS

35
PARASITIC FUNGI GROW ON PLANTS CAN BE TOXIC
  • CORN SMUT ERGOTS ON RYE

36
ANIMALS ARE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO FUNGAL INFECTIONS
THAN PLANTS AREBUT THEY DO CAUSE DISEASES
  • MYCOSIS FUNGAL INECTION
  • CAN CAUSE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS ONLY CAUSE
    AN INFECTION WHEN SOME CHANGE TAKES PLACE IN THE
    BODY AND ALLOWS THE YEAST TO GROW
  • IF PERSON IS TAKING AN ANTIBIOTIC THEN SHE MAY
    GET A YEAST INFECTION BECAUSE THE AMOUNT OF
    BACTERIA HAS BEEN DECREASED
  • PEOPLE WITH AIDS CAN GET OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
    BECAUSE THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS SUPPRESSED

37
REMEMBER SOME POSITIVE FEATURES OF FUNGI
  • DECOMPOSERS - RECYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM
  • FOOD MUSHROOMS
  • THE UNICELLULAR FUNGI (YEAST) ARE USED IN BAKING,
    WINEMAKING AND BREWING
  • SOME FUNGI PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS

38
FUNGI PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS THAT INHIBIT THE GROWTH
OF SOME BACTERIA
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