Computer Supported Cooperative Work

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Computer Supported CooperativeWork

• CptS 443
• Human-Computer Interaction

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CSCW

• How do we design systems to support groups of
  workers
• Sociology computing
• as opposed to psychology computing
• Groupware
• computer systems to support group working

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Time and Space
Space
Time
Local
Remote
Synchronous
Watercooler
Phone
Asynchronous
Post-it
Letter
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Cooperative Work
Understanding
P
P
Communication
Participant
Control/feedback
A
Artifact
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Classification

• Groupware is classified by the section of the
  framework they primarily support
• Computer-mediated communication
• Direct communication between Ps
• Meeting/decision support
• Common understanding
• Shared applications
• control/feedback of shared artifacts

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E-Mail

• Computer-mediated communication
• Asynchronous remote
• Stages
• Preparation
• Dispatch
• Delivery
• Notification
• Receipt
• To vs. cc
• Course granularity conversations

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Structured E-Mail

• How can we avoid the information overload from
  e-mail?
• E-mail filters
• Require sender to include key phrases
• Re
• Spam
• Unsubscribe
• Meeting, what, where, when, who

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Videoconferencing

• Computer-mediated communication
• Synchronous remote
• Social presence
• Reciprocity
• I see you - you dont see me
• Eye contact
• Video tunnel

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Collaborative Virtual Environments

• Do virtual reality displays help CSCW?
• Avatar (embodiment)
• Virtual representation of participant
• Shared artifacts
• Resolution poor
• Difficult to manipulate
• Multi-user domains (MUDs)
• 2-D but effective

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Version Control

• How can teams collaborate on the same document?
• Meeting/decision support
• Asynchronous local
• Locking documents for exclusive use
• Notification of availability

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Meeting Rooms

• How can computers help us have better physical
  meetings?
• Meeting/decision support
• Synchronous local
• WYSIWIS
• Easier than whiteboard for some data
• Floor control policy
• Deictic reference (deixis)
• That should go there

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More Decision Support

• Whiteboard
• Shared window systems
• Shared editors
• Website maintenance
• Meeting Maker
• Communication through the artifact

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Groupware Time and Space
Local
Remote
Meetings
VideoConf.
Synchronous
Shared Apps
VersionControl, Websites
E-Mail, MeetingMaker
Asynchronous
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Synchonization

• Serial
• Version control
• Concurrent
• Shared apps
• Meeting support
• Video conferences
• Mixed
• Websites
• Meeting Maker

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Shared Information

• Granularity
• Chunk size - size of changes
• Frequency - how often changes made
• Sharing
• Presentation - how do you see the data?
• Input - keyboard, pointers, group pointer
• Objects
• Monotonic - only additions allowed
• Sequenced - order of contributions matters

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Cooperative Work II
Deixis
Feedthrough
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Implementation

• Problems primarily with synchronous
• Slow feedback
• Network delays
• Client-server architecture
• Feedthrough is a network hog
• Every users input sent to every other user
• Adjust with granularity
• E-mail to eecsugrads_at_eecs.wsu.edu

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Robustness

• Server faults
• Workstation faults
• Algorithm faults
• Unforeseen event sequences
• Scalability
• Testing

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Social Issues

• How do we collaborate?
• Analyzing face-to-face communication
• Modeling conversation
• Communicating with text
• Working in groups
• Organizational issues

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Face to Face

• Personal space
• Close talkers
• Eye contact, gaze
• Honesty, authority, power
• Gestures, body language
• Deictic reference
• Back channel
• uh huh, yeah, sure, you go girl
• Turn taking
• yahbut yahbut...

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Adjacency pairs

• Kyle Are you hungry. lardbutt?
• Cartman Go to hell
• Kyle Shut-up dude
• Cartman Yes. Im hungry. I am hun-gry.
• Kyle Cause I got this box of cheesy poofs.
• Cartman Shweet!
• A-x B-xy A-y B-x A-z B-z

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Context

• What are we talking about?
• Internal context
• Reference to current conversation
• External context
• Reference to environment
• Indexicals
• Reference words
• that, this, he, she, it

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Topic Faults

• Kyle Want another cheesy-poof?
• Cartman No, Im eating a raisin?
• Kyle Mr. Hankey touched it.
• Cartman (pukes on Kyle) My raisin!?!?
• Kyle (wipes puke) No, this cheesey-poof.
• Breakdown at puke
• Recovery of dialog focus

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Utterance Forms

• Substantive
• Develop the topic
• Annotative
• Clarify the topic
• Elaborate
• Procedural
• About the conversation itself

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Shared Understanding

• How do we construct a shared understanding?
• Grounding
• Common ground to base conversation on
• Relevance
• Utterances should further topic
• Helpfulness
• Understandable, unambiguous

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Speech Act Theory

• Conversations for action are the central
  coordinating structure for human organizations
• Utterances have associated actions
• Illocutionary points
• Effect of utterance
• Also conversations for
• clarification - clarify action
• possibilities - future action
• orientation - shared understanding

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Text

• Back channel
• ) ( ) P 8)
• Grounding
• stay linear
• Turn taking
• wait for the reply
• Context
• quote messages
• Pace, granularity

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Working in Groups

• Group dynamics
• roles
• Physical layout
• Power position
• Distributed cognition
• mediating representations - whiteboard

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Organizational Issues

• Load distribution
• Who benefits?
• Free riders
• Who contributes?
• Critical mass
• How many?
• Cooperativeness
• Who are the stakeholders

• Power structures
• How do managers maintain control?
• The invisible worker
• Are employees goofing off?
• Workflow
• Does it work?
• Evaluation
• How do I know?