Human and Technology

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Human and Technology
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Content

• Input devices
• Output devices
• Interaction Styles
• Designing Windows Systems
• User Support and On-line Information
• Designing for Virtual Environment

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Input devices have to be

• Matches physiological and psychological
  characteristics of users eg elderly,
  inexperienced users, disabled
• Appropriate for the tasks to be performed eg.
  Drawing, cooking
• Suitable for intended work and environment eg.
  Speech and sound for noisy environment?

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Also

• Simple and easy to use
• Need appropriate system feedback to
• guide
• reassure
• inform
• correct error

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• The Hand to Input data

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The keyboard
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The Half Qwerty
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Picture of a person wearing the half Qwerty
Can you think of its usage?
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Castanets
For what purpose?
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Picture of key arrangement
Can you guest the usage? Does is have a good
affordance?
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Pen Computing, GRIGRI - in French means scribble
For what?
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Radar image, touch sensitive (finger or pen)
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Faster usage using original manual symbols
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Implemented on system
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Other means of input

• Eye movement
• The foot
• Facial expression
• Speech and sound

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Eye

• Device detecting the eye looking at a certain
  position
• giving an appropriate response such as
• popping up the menu selection for using the
  system,
• detecting relative direction of the eye gaze for
  aircraft pilots

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Head

• Movement to show relative position of head in
  virtual reality environment using the helmet

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The Foot

• Sewing machine

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Speech and Sound

• Speech recognition - Isolated speech, continuos
  speech
• Eg of usage To help telephone operators
• Problems
• interference of background noise
• similar sounds/words
• Speaker-in/dependent systems

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Output devices
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Output Devices

• Convert information from the internal system to a
  form perceptible by a human
• most common gtgt visual and 2 dimensional

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Visualisation

• Fish Eye
• multidimensional information space
• Overview of information
• 1 D linear Data
• 2 D
• 3 D

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Examples

• Geographical Information System (GIS) data and
  environmental models for visualizing design
  proposals to study the environmental impact of
  these
• visualization for assisting the control of urban
  design by planning authorities and studying the
  impact of proposed developments 2.
• on the study of electromagnetic to enable
  students to visualize what is invisible (e.g.,
  voltages, currents, approach proved to be a great
  instructional aid to students who sometimes have
  a difficult time connecting theory and
  measurement.

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Fish Eye View
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Fish Eye View
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Sound

• For visually impaired
• use sound to direct users to an object

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Interaction styles
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4 types of interaction styles

• Menu and navigation
• form-fills and spreadsheets
• Natural Language
• Command Entry
• direct manipulation

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Menu

• Single, binary, pop-up, pull-down, pie, tree,
  linear

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Item presentation

• Alphabetic
• Grouping of related items
• Most frequently used
• functional
• random

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Form Fillin

• Elements
• meaningful title
• comprehensible instructions
• Logical grouping and sequencing of fields
• neat layout
• familiar labels, consistent terminology
• visible space and boundaries

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Command Language

• Eg. View the list of files and folders
• MS DOS - dir
• UNIX - list
• Good if
• consistent argument ordering
• keyword
• hierarchically structured
• good abbreviation

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Natural Language

• Give instructions to system and system response
• natural language queries, text-database searching
• advanture and educational games

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Direct manipulation

• An interaction style, letting users manipulate
  things as if in the real world without an
  intermediary
• Eg.word processors,spreadsheet,
  videogames,CAD/M(Computer Aided
  Design/Manufacturing), office automation
• problems visual representation not good, learn
  meaning, misleading, slower

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Remote Direct manipulation

• Typical application
• telemedicine - see human body, tissues under
  microscope
• underwater, space
• home-automation control
• problems
• time delay, incomplete feedback, feedback from
  multiple sources, interferences

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Constraints

• Physical
• semantic - depend on users knowledge
• cultural - one representation of object may mean
  differently in different parts of the world
• logical - order, position and location

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Designing Windowing systems
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What is a window?

• Rectangular display that can be moved, sized and
  rendered independently on the display screen

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Types of windows

• Tiling
• cascading
• overlapping

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Window components

• Menus
• Control Widgets - buttons, sliders, checkboxes,
  listboxes
• Scroll bar

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• The list box control is a complete solution for
  creating scrolling lists.
• Scroll bars allow users to view areas of a
  document or a list that is larger than can fit
  into the current window.
• The edit text field (also known as a "text entry
  field") is a rectangular area in which the user
  enters text or modifies existing text.
• The tab control provides a convenient way to
  present information in a multi-page format.

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Text field
List box
Tab control
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Menus
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Control widgets
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radiobuttons
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Sliders
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Dialog boxes

• Movable Modal Dialog Boxes
• Modal Dialog Boxes
• Alert Boxes
• Modeless Dialog Boxes

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Modal Dialog
A modal dialog box puts the user in the state (or
"mode") of being able to work only inside the
dialog box. It temporarily suspends all other
user actions in an application and forces the
user to make decisions and respond to the dialog.
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Movable modal dialog

• A movable modal dialog box is a modal dialog box
  with a title bar which allows the user to move
  the dialog box.

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Alert boxes

• Alert boxes are special types of modal dialog
  boxes. Alert boxes display messages to users to
  inform them of situations that may be
  particularly notable or dangerous, along with an
  icon that signifies the degree of severity of the
  alert message.

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Modeless

• Modeless dialog boxes allow users to repeat an
  action as many times as necessary while the
  dialog box remains open. This feature is useful
  for tasks such as finding and replacing text in a
  word processor or numbers in a spreadsheet.

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Examples of dialog boxes on Microsoft Windows,
Macintosh and CDE platforms
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Examples of Alert boxes on Microsoft Windows,
Macintosh and CDE platforms
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Personal Role Managers

• Next generation user interface
• emphasize on users instead of documents
• working in a given role
• task objects
• vision statement
• set of people
• task hierarchy
• schedule

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PRM
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PRM
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Designing to save space
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Designing to save space
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Designing to save space
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User Support and On-line information
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User Support

• Minimalist instruction- reduce information for
  users to read using a system
• the training wheel- skip the complex function for
  novices
• the scenario machine - guidance for novices to
  learn a new system at an early stage

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Online system

• Telephone - more assurance and give confident to
  new users
• Hypertext and Hypermedia
• give an overview of information
• agents
• problem solving activities

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Virtual Environment
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Issues on virtual reality

• spatial orientation and wayfinding in virtual
  worlds, designing the virtual world to leverage
  on human perceptual abilities, not just striving
  for photo- realism,
• affordances for travelling from one virtual
  location to another, directed or browsing, and
  for acting in the environment,
• designing the controlling inputs to take
  advantage of human physical abilities (and adapt
  to disabilities),

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Cont.

• evaluating VE interfaces, experiences with
  usability testing of whole systems,
• appreciating the interdependence between task
  features and interface design,
• understanding the dimensions of usefulness and
  complexity for VE interfaces.

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Technologies

• Visual display
• head-position sensing
• hand-position sensing
• Force feedback
• sound input-output
• other sensation
• cooperative and competitive virtual reality