The War for Independence

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The War for Independence

• Chapter 8

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Essential Questions

• Why was the Declaration of Independence written?
• How can understanding the causes and effects of
  the American Revolution help us to understand our
  history?

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Lesson 1 Declaring Independence

• Independence
• Declaration
• Rights
• Treason

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Read p. 262-263

• What did Patrick Henry mean when he said, Give
  me liberty or give me death?
• He meant he would rather die than remain a
  British subject.
• What did Thomas Paine say was the only solution
  to unfair treatment by Britain?
• The colonies had to become independent.
• What were the delegates concerned about regarding
  independence?
• They worried that Britain was too strong to fight
  against and that not enough colonists wanted
  independence.

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Background-Essential Documents

• Common Sense was printed in Philadelphia on
  January 10, 1776. It was advertised as Common
  Sense for eighteen pence.
• The Declaration of Independence was first read in
  public on July 8, 1776. Washington read it to
  his troops the next day.

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Read p. 264-265

• Why did Congress need a document like the
  Declaration of Independence?
• Congress needed to tell colonists, Britain, and
  the world why the break with Britain was
  necessary.
• What did Thomas Jefferson say about rights in the
  Declaration of Independence?
• Jefferson argued that all people have rights that
  no one can take away. These rights include the
  right to live, the right to be free, and the
  right to seek happiness.

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• What does Jefferson mean when he writes, All men
  are created equal?
• That all people are the same, and no one is
  better than anyone else.
• Why did the delegates sign the declaration?
• They believe in what is said, and to show their
  support signed their names.

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Read p. 266-267

• The signers knew they could be put to death
  because they signed the Declaration. Why do you
  think they signed anyway?
• They believed strongly that what they were doing
  was right.
• Why was it so remarkable that the colonies
  decided to rule themselves?
• They were no longer relying on a king to lead
  them.
• What did Abigail Adams want Congress to do?
• She wanted Congress to give women more rights.
• What are some ways we uphold equal rights for
  all?
• Laws have been passed to make discrimination
  illegal.

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Said America Should be free
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
Inspires people Even today
Said people Have rights that No one can Take away
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Thomas Jefferson

• The Declaration of Independence is one of the
  most important documents in the formation of the
  democratic government of the United States.

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Studied Stars
Wrote Declaration
Thomas Jefferson Had Many Talents
Played Violin
Designed Buildings
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The First Steps

• Individuals such as Thomas Paine and Richard
  Henry Lee used their abilities to stir the
  colonists onward toward freedom. Leaders such as
  Thomas Jefferson were chosen to write a
  declaration of independence.

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Background-Thomas Paine

• Born in Britain of Quaker parents, Thomas Paine
  (1737-1809) learned trades and educated himself
  after attending school until the age of 13.
  Paine moved to North America in 1774, on the
  encouragement of Benjamin Franklin. He published
  Common Sense in 1776 as a pamphlet, which became
  popular in both North American and Europe. Paine
  furthered the Patriots cause by lashing out at
  King George III, denouncing him as a tyrant, and

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• rallying the colonists to revolt. He joined
  Washingtons army and wrote more pamphlets
  describing the American crisis. His words
  These are the times that try mens souls
  inspired the colonial soldiers to keep fighting.

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Lesson 2- Life During the War

• Loyalist
• Neutral
• inflation

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Read p. 270-271

• Which side did the largest number of Americans
  support during the Revolutionary War?
• Almost half of all Americans were Patriots.
• Which groups of people became Loyalists?
• Americans who worked for Britain, many wealthy
  American merchants, some enslaved African
  Americans, and many American Indians become
  Loyalists.

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Taking Sides

• Why did the Cherokee support the British?
• They hoped if the British won, they would stop
  American settlers from taking Cherokee land.
• Why did some enslaved African Americans become
  Patriots?
• They were offered freedom if they became Patriot
  soldiers.

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Taking Sides, cont.

• What does the painting at the top of the page
  tell you about women Patriots during the
  Revolutionary War?
• Some were willing to fight for their country.
• What did women do to support port soldiers?
• They cooked meals and carried water some fought
  in their husbands places.

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Background on Loyalists and Patriots

• The largest number of Loyalists lived in New York
  City and the surrounding area. New England had
  the fewest Loyalists.
• Some African Americans who joined the British
  army gained their freedom when the war ended.
  Several thousand left with the British and set up
  settlements in Nova Scotia, Canada.

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The Challenges of War

• How were people affected when battles broke out?
• They had to leave their homes both armies
  destroyed houses and robbed farms.
• Why did some merchants and farmers refuse to sell
  their goods during the Revolutionary War?
• They hoped that while they waited, prices would
  rise and they could sell their goods for more
  money.

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Loyalists and Patriots
Both
Loyalists
Patriots
People who worked For Britain Many wealthy
merchants Many American Indians
Enslaved African American who Were
promised Freedom
Many colonists Free African Americans Oneidas
Tuscaroras
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Patriot or Loyalist

• When it came time to choose sides during the
  Revolution, the debate Americans engaged in was a
  true exercise in liberty. Having the power and
  freedom to join one side or the other, or
  neither, lies at the very heart of our democratic
  system.

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Churches and the War

• The effort toward independence was supported by
  many colonial church groups. However, some
  church groups experienced a conflict in
  supporting the Patriots or the Loyalists. The
  Quakers sought peaceful solutions rather than
  war.

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Women and the War

• Many colonial women played an important part in
  the American Revolution. Although some aided the
  British soldiers, a large number of women
  cooperated to support the Patriots
  causeboycotting the British-made goods, raising
  money for the war, collecting clothing for the
  soldiers, and even participating in battles.

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Native Americans and the War

• Most Native Americans tried to stay out of the
  conflict between the Patriots and the British.
  Some tribes, however, did not cooperate with the
  British in exchange for guns and other goods.
  Some members of the Iroquois group fought on the
  side of the Patriots.

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Africans and the War

• Most free Africans and enslaved Africans
  cooperated with the Patriot effort to win
  independence. Some runaway slaves cooperated
  with the British in return for the promise of
  freedom.

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Lesson 3-The War in the North

• Retreat
• Mercenary
• Victory

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Washingtons First Battles

• Which army was better prepared at the wars
  start?
• The British
• Why do you think having a cause that they
  believed in was an advantage for the Americans?
• People will try harder when they believe in what
  they are doing.
• What does Nathan Hales famous quote say about
  how he felt about dying for his country?
• He was proud to die for his country and would be
  willing to do it again.
• What was Washingtons plan for attacking Trenton?
• He wanted to surprise the enemy by attacking them
  when they least expected it, the morning after
  Christmas.

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A Turning Point

• Where did the British come from when they began a
  new attack in 1777?
• Canada
• How did Thaddeus Kosciuszko help the Americans at
  Saratoga?
• He set up a long wall of earth and logs on a hill
  so the Americans could fight from behind it.
• Which European countries helped the Americans
  during the Revolution?
• France, Spain, the Netherlands, Russia

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A Turning Point, Contd

• What difficulties did the Americans face at
  Valley Forge?
• At first they had to sleep on the frozen ground
  food and shoes were scarce diseases spread
  through the camp.
• How did von Steuben help the Continental Army?
• He taught the soldiers how to march together and
  use their weapons properly.

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Washingtons First Battles
Americans drive the British Our of Boston
British win the Battle Of Long Island
Americans retreat
Americans win the Battle of Trenton
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Valley Forge

• Valley Forge was truly one of the revolutions
  classic stories to remember. The army overcame
  terrible sufferingmany soldiers diedand still
  rallied to defeat the British.

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Winter
Spring
Cold weather Lots of Snow Supplies run
low Soldiers feel Discouraged Army lacks
training
Warmer weather Less snow New supplies
arrive Soldiers feel hopeful General von
Steuben Helps train army
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Lesson 4-Winning the War

• Strategy
• Traitor
• Surrender
• Americans measured their increasing strength by
  the failure of the British to defeat them in the
  South and West.

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The War in the South and West

• Why did the British change their strategy and
  invade the South?
• The British thought that southern Loyalists would
  support them and help them win.
• What made Nathanael Greenes strategy successful?
• He forced the British army to chase him, which
  used up their supplies of food and gunpowder and
  led them to retreat.
• Which battles did the Americans win in the South?
• Yorktown, Cowpens, and Kings Mountain

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BackgroundTraitors andSpies

• For five years, Benedict Arnold was a Patriot.
  He switched sides when the British offered him
  the present-day equivalent of 1 million and an
  important position in their army.
• Ann Bates spied for the British by posing as a
  peddler. While selling thread and utensils to
  Patriot soldiers, she counted the soldiers and
  their weapons for the British.

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The War Ends

• Which army had the largest number of soldiers at
  the Battle of Yorktown?
• The American Army
• What was the last big battle of the War for
  Independence?
• The Battle of Yorktown
• What two things did the Treaty of Paris give the
  United States?
• Independence and land
• Who was Mercy Otis Warren?
• A writer

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Sequence of Events
British invade the South and gain Control of
Georgia and South Carolina.
Francis Marion leads successful surprise attacks
against the British.
Nathanael Greene wears out the British and forces
them to retreat.
British are defeated at the Battle of Yorktown,
the last big battle of the War for Independence.
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A Global Vies, 1783

• Geography is about people, not just landforms and
  distances.
• Captain James Hook is mentioned twice on the map
  because he visited Cape Horn and Australia.

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discoveries
revolutions
Changes Around globe
New nations