Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and identities in contemporary censuses: A global perspective source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm * * * Robert McCaa University of Minnesota Population Center [e-mail]

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Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and identities in
contemporary censuses A global perspective
source www.hist.umn.edu/rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.
htm Robert McCaa University of Minnesota
Population Centerrmccaa_at_umn.edu
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Commercial IPUMS-Internationalwww.ipums.org/
internationalCensus microdata 1960-present
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What is IPUMS-International? a global
collaboratory of National Statistical Institutes
Universities to

• 1. Inventory the worlds census microdata, 1960
• 2. Archive census microdata and
  documentation
• 3. Integrate census microdata, 1960
• a. use standards of UNSD, Eurostat, ISCO, ISCED,
  etc.
• b. facilitate comparative research in time and
  space
• 4. Anonymize census microdata to preserve
  statistical confidentiality, using highest
  standards
• 5. Disseminate restricted access, custom extracts
  to approved researchers/research projects at no
  cost

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What are census microdata?anonymized,
computerized census records of individuals,
households dwellings
Person number
Age
Sex

• 12100102600700720000011210000104
• 22200202600700720000011210000104
• 32300100600700720000012123000000
• 42300200400700000000000000000000
• 52300200200700000000000000000000
• 62300200000700000000000000000000

Study any desired set of characteristics.
Easier to integrate than tables.
Facilitates comparative research.
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IPUMS-International, September 2006dark green
disseminatingmedium green integratinglightest
green talking
66 countries, 59 world's population
Mollweide projection
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End of CommercialIPUMS-Internationalwww.ipums.or
g/international
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Indigenous Peoples in 2000 round censuses (14
countries) Every country with an indigenous
peoples question is participating in
IPUMS-International, except NZ and AU
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Identities in contemporary censuses
questionnaires of 140 countries (97.1 of world
pop.)

• UN Statistics Division Principles and
  Recommendations indigenous peoples nothing in
  1997 3 paragraphs in 2006
• Examples Canada, USA, India, South Africa,
  Zambia, etc.
• Identities census practices in 140 countries 7
  dimensions of identities in contemporary
  censuses
• Nativity (country of birth) 131 countries 88
  pop.
• Citizenship 101 45
• Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture 66 46
• Race 19 30
• Indigenous peoples 14 12
• Language 71 42
• Religion 74 50
• Identities in IPUMS-International harmonized
  microdata for 13 countries--5 with indigenous
  peoples Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and
  USA.

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1. UN Statistics Division, Principles and
   Recommendations. Revisions 1 (1997) and 2
   (draft, 2006) (5 slides)

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Rev 2 (2006) UNSD Principles and
RecommendationsSection on indigenous people
2006 3 paragraphs 1997 not mentioned

1. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of
   asking indigenous people questions in a countrys
   census.
2. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that
   appropriate data protection and disclosure
   control measures are in place.
3. Respondents should be informed of potential uses
   of the data.
4. Respondents should be involved in data
   collection promotes capacity building and
   facilitates data collection/dissemination.
5. Increasing importance in the context of
   socio-economic situation, inequities, and
   policies affecting indigenous peoples.
6. Justification environmental management, social
   organization, monitor human development, etc.
7. Data should be collected through self declaration
   with the option of multiple criteria, recognizing
   the diversity of the sub-population.

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Rev 1 (1997) UNSD Principles and
Recommendations on identities (no section on
indigenous peoples)

• According to national need generally, these
  items are explained in short paragraphs
• Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture No internationally
  relevant criteria can be recommended.
  ethnicity not mentioned ethnic occurs 29
  times.
• Race --mentioned in paragraph on ethnicity
• Language International comparability is not an
  issue.
• Religion according to national needs, identify
  either 1) religious or spiritual belief of
  preference, or 2) affiliation with an organized
  group
• For purposes of international comparabilityuse
  international standard codes
• Nativity (country of birth)
• Citizenship (country)

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Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared
understanding of history and territorial origins
(regional and national) of an ethnic group or
community as well as on particular cultural
characteristics such as language and/or
religion.Respondents understanding or views
about ethnicity, awareness of their family
background, the number of generations they have
spent in a country, and the length of time since
immigration are all possible factors affecting
the reporting of ethnicity in a census.
Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a
process than a static concept, and so ethnic
classification should be treated with moveable
boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division
Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations
for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12,
2006), 2.142
Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared
understanding of history and territorial origins
(regional and national) of an ethnic group or
community as well as on particular cultural
characteristics such as language and/or
religion.Respondents understanding or views
about ethnicity, awareness of their family
background, the number of generations they have
spent in a country, and the length of time since
immigration are all possible factors affecting
the reporting of ethnicity in a census.
Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a
process than a static concept, and so ethnic
classification should be treated with moveable
boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division
Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations
for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12,
2006), 2.142
Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared
understanding of history and territorial origins
(regional and national) of an ethnic group or
community as well as on particular cultural
characteristics such as language and/or
religion.Respondents understanding or views
about ethnicity, awareness of their family
background, the number of generations they have
spent in a country, and the length of time since
immigration are all possible factors affecting
the reporting of ethnicity in a census.
Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a
process than a static concept, and so ethnic
classification should be treated with moveable
boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division
Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations
for Population and Housing Censuses (June 12,
2006), 2.142
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Rev 2 (2006) UNSD Principles and
RecommendationsSection on ethnicity is greatly
expanded ethnicity occurs 16 times, ethnic
19 times.

1. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of
   asking ethnicity questions in a countrys census.
   
2. Emphasizes increasing importance in the context
   of migration, integration and policies affecting
   minority groups.
3. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that
   appropriate data protection and disclosure
   control measures are in place.
4. Respondents should be informed of potential uses
   of the data.
5. Broadly defined based on shared history,
   territorial origins and particular cultural
   characteristics such as language/religion.
6. Justification demographic trends, employment
   practices, income distributions, educational
   levels, migration patterns, family composition,
   social support, health conditions, etc.
7. Data should be collected through self declaration
   with the option of multiple declarations.

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Nationality effects on fertility the case of
China, 2000 Average Number of Births by Womens
Nationality
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2. Examples Canada, USA, India, South Africa,
Zambia, Hungary, etc. (9 slides)
Note analysis is based on national population
census formsdoes not include special indigenous
people censuses.
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Canada 2001. 4 questions on indigenous peoples
(2 open-ended)
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Indigenous People USA 2001
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India 2001, 5 questionsreligion, scheduled
caste, scheduled tribe, mother tongue, and other
languages spoken
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Multiple meanings of EthnicityIf Zambian
enter tribe, if not mark major racial
group--Zambia, 2000.Other questions
Citizenship, Religion, Predominant Language, and
2nd Language
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South Africa, 2001, Identity questions
Population Group, Language Religion(plus
citizenship and country of birthnot shown)
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Canada 2001. Many open ended questions on
ethnic or cultural groups of ancestors,
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Canada 2001. Many open ended questions on
religion
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Canada 2001. 5 questions on languages
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Hungary 2000 5 open ended questions on
nationalities, languages, and religion (do not
want to answer is a valid answer)
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3. Content analysis of census questions for 140
countries (11 slides)
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Contemporary Census Questionnaires source
www.hist.umn.edu/rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm
Mollweide projection
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Contemporary Census Questionnaires pink census
form available 140 countriesdark grey less
than 1 million population (101 places) light
grey no form available 14 countriessource
www.hist.umn.edu/rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm
Mollweide projection
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Nativity in contemporary censusesdark green (131
countries) country of birth pink (9
countries) no country of birth question light
grey no form available or less than 1 million
pop.
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Citizenship or Nativity yellow (101 countries)
citizenship dark green (131 countries)
nativity (country of birth) pink (6 countries)
no nativity/citizenship question light grey
not studied
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Ethnicity, Nativity or Citizenship medium green
(66 countries) ethnicity (ex-USSR
nationality)dark green (131 countries) country
of birth yellow (101 countries) citizenship
pink (3 countries) no question light grey
not studied
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Ethnicity in contemporary censusesmedium green
(66 countries) ethnicity/ancestry/parents
country of birth/culture/nationality pink no
ethnicity question light grey not studied
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Race or Ethnicity light green (19 countries)
race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66
countries) ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.
pink no question light grey not studied
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Indigenous People, Race or Ethnicitybrown (14
countries) indigenous people light green (19
countries) race/tribe/caste/color medium green
(66 countries) ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.
pink no question light grey not studied
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Language, Indigenous, Race or Ethnicity yellow
(71 countries) language/mother tongue brown
(14 countries) indigenous people light green
(19 countries) race/tribe/caste/color medium
green (66 countries) ethnicity/ancestry/culture/
etc. pink no question light grey unknown
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Religion, Language, Indigenous, Race or
Ethnicity red (74 countries) religion yellow
(71 countries) language/mother tongue brown
(14 countries) indigenous people light green
(19 countries) race/tribe/caste/color medium
green (66 countries) ethnicity/ancestry/culture/
etc. pink no question light grey unknown
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4. Ethnicity in IPUMS-International samples for
47 censuses(4 slides)
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IPUMS-International 47 high precision samples
13 countries, 140 million person records
question on indigenous peoples
Brazil 1960-2000, 5 long-form cluster samples Chile 1960-2000, 10 systematic household samples China 1982, 0.1 systematic household sample Costa Rica 1963-2000, 10 systematic household samples Colombia, 1964-93, 10 systematic household samples Ecuador, 1962-2001, 10 systematic household samples France, 1960-1990, 5 systematic household samples Kenya, 1989-99, 5 systematic household samples Mexico, 1960-2000, 1-10 samples (cluster for 2000) South Africa, 1996-2001, 10 systematic household samples USA, 1960-2000, 1-5 stratified random samples Venezuela, 1971-1990, 10 systematic household samples Vietnam, 1989-1999, 3-5 systematic household samples

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IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language
Variables (1 of 2)--frequent, but not comparable
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IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language
Variables (contd).IPUMSI - Variables.htm
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IPUMS-International Principles and Practices

• Principles
• Retain all significant detail
• Harmonize everything
• Use composite coding scheme of multiple digits
• First digit stands for concepts common to many
  censuses
• Last digit for concepts that are rarely found
• Zero indicates that a concept is not in a census
• In practice, with respect to identity variables
• Many have meaning only in a national context and
  therefore are harmonized only within
  countryindigenous people, race, ethnicity,
  tribes, color, etc.
• Others may be integrated across
  countriesreligion, country of
  birth/citizenship, and language

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Additional IPUMS documentation IPUMSI - INDIG
Codes.htm IPUMSI - RACE.htmIPUMSI - RACE
Codes.htm IPUMSI - RELIG.htmIPUMSI - RELIG
Codes.htm
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5. In conclusion Identities in 2010 round of
censusesincreasing complexity,increasing
volume of data, and increasing access to
microdata
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Thank you.enumeration forms atwww.hist.umn.edu
/rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm
Contact rmccaa_at_umn.edu