ANIMALS:

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ANIMALS

• FORM AND FUNCTION

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KEY CONCEPTS

• Physical laws and the environment constrain
  animal size and shape
• Animal form and function are correlated at all
  levels of organization
• Animals use the chemical energy in food to
  sustain form and function
• Many animals regulate their internal environment
  within relatively narrow limits
• Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and
  involves anatomy physiology, and behavior.

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Physical Laws andAnimal Forms

• Laws of hydrodynamics
• Exchanges with the environment
• a. Cells must be in aqueous medium
• b. Animals with complex bodies must
• provide branched/folded internal
• membranes
• c. Must have circulatory system

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Animal form and function are correlated at all
levels of organization.

• Tissue structure and function
• a. Collection of cells with common
• function
• b. Epithelial tissue - line outer/inner
• surfaces in protective sheets
• c. Glandular - secretion/absorbtion
• d. Connective - connects/supports
• e. Adipose - fat cells
• f. Cartilage - strong/flexible support
  material
• g. Bone - mineralized connective tissue

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Other Tissue Structures

• Blood
• 1. Erythrocyts
• 2. Leukocytes
• 3. Platelets
• Muscle tissue
• 1. Skeletal (striated, cardiac)
• 2. Cardiac
• 3. Smooth (involuntary)
• Nervous tissue
• 1. Neurons w/ dendrites (towards) and
• axons (away)

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ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

• In all animals but sponges and some cnidarians
  tissue is organized into organs
• Many vertebrate organs suspended by mesenteries
  in fluid-filled body cavities
• Organ systems perform major life functions

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Mammels have 11 organ systems

• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Immune and lymphatic
• Excretory
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Nervous
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular

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Animals use the chemical energy in food to
sustain form and function.

• 1. Bioenergetics - use of energy resources
• Determines behavior, growth,
• reproduction and food needs
• Metabolic rate - measured in calorie
• 3. Endothermic vs. Ectothermic

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Many animals regulate their internal environment
within relatively narrow limits.

• Interstitial fluid - surrounds cells
• Steady state homeostasis
• Mechanisms for controlling homeostasis
• a. Negative feedback
• b. Positive feedback

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Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and
involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior.

• Endotherms
• Birds, mammals, some fish, a few reptiles
• Ectotherms
• Most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, lizards,
  snakes, and turtles

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Balancing Heat Loss and Gain

• Insulation - hair, feathers, fat
• Skin (integumentary)
• Vasodialation
• Vasoconstriction
• Countercurrent heat exchanger - marine animals
  and birds

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Adjustment to Changing Temperature

• Acclimatization - the physiological adjustment to
  a different temperature
• Stress-induced proteins
• Heat-shock proteins
• Torpor
• Hibernation
• Estivation