Thirteenth Week

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Thirteenth Week

• Brian Hall, The Impossible Country A Journey
  through the Last Days of Yugoslavia

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Announcements, news
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Ivo Andric

• EthnicityRelationship with TitoPolitics

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Slavenka Drakulic
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Drakulic- Biography

• Born 1949 lives in Sweden and Croatia
• Essayist, Journalist and Fiction Writer

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Drakulic (Works)

• Non-fiction
• Deadly Sins of Feminism
• How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed
• The Balkan Express Fragments from the Other Side
  of the War
• Café Europa Life after Communism
• Novels
• Holograms of Fear
• Marble Skin
• The Taste of a Man

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Drakulics S A Novel About the Balkans (1999)

• Treatment of women in wartime
• Conscious strategy deliberate policies
• Moral blindness loss of inhibitions under
  extreme conditions

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Drakulics Novel S

• What is the historical basis for the work?
• Did it offer any explanations? Motives?
• What are the key events in Ss experiences? Her
  main challenges?
• What are Ss key relationships?
• What are the moral questions raised? Are they
  resolved?

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What are the novels literary qualities?

• Genre
• Point of view
• Structure

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Reading-Discussion Assignment

• Hall, Part III Sarajevo

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(No Transcript)
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Bosnia

• Ethnic mix distinctive because of religious, not
  linguistic base
• More intense ethnic feeling
• Croats, Serbs, Muslims
• Muslims converted by Turks
• Cosmopolitan center Sarajevo

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Hall

• Why is the country impossible?
• How do the young people he meets illustrate all
  this?
• On to Sarajevo

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More identity examples

• Croat family
• Young men and families in Sarajevo

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Serbian Orthodox Church (Sarajevo)
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Jewish Cemetery
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Inside Sarajevo Synagogue
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Bey Mosque in Sarajevo
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Assassination of Archduke 1914
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Theo Angelopoulos Ulysses Gaze
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Background of Film
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Ulysses Gaze 1996

• Thematic source Homers Odyssey
• Quest of A through the Balkans
• Ambitious, thoughtful,
• Excellent sound track music by Eleni Karaindrou

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The Quest (So Far)

• Thessaloniki
• Florina
• Korytsa Korçë
• Monastir Bitola
• Plovdiv (Philipopoulos)
• Bucharest, Constanta

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Brothers in Bitola
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A

• Name suggests first (first experiences, first
  gazes, innocence)
• Greek-American director, returning to his
  homeland
• Journey to find missing undeveloped reels of film
• Sees same woman in variety of roles (Maia
  Morgenstern)

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Woman with Multiple Roles

• Related to Homers Odysseus
• Penelope, Calypso (held Ulysses captive for 7
  years), Circe (sorceress), Nausicaa
• Represents close human connections, human values
  in an inhuman world

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Past and Present
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Present Albania

• Total anarchy migration
• Old woman at the Albanian border references to
  Civil War (and sister)
• Emigrants, poor refugees of the 1990s
• Wasteland
• Korçë (Korytsa)
• Listen for Muslim prayer in background

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On to Macedonia

• Speech by taxi driver on dying Greece
• Tossing the food frustration
• Skopje FYRM
• Why would he call it Skopje?
• Language issue very sensitive
• Bitola-Monastiri
• Friendship again watch for the sincere human
  attachments

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Names and Identities

• Manakia, Manakis, Manaki
• Korçë - Korytsa
• Bitola Monastiri
• Plovdiv-Phillipopoulos

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Brothers identity Vlach connection

• Born in Avdela, near Grevena, Greece
• Village was Vlach (Vlah)
• Moved to Bitola in 1905
• Opened theater in Bitola in 1921
• Yannakis died in Thessaloniki in 1954
• Miltonides died in Bitola in 1964
• Bitola large Vlach population

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How is Identity Formed?
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Who are the Vlachs?
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Vlachs

• Originally, all Romanian speaking
• Now, primarily south of Danube
• Term used by others they use words derived from
  roman (romani, aromani)

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Aromanians

• Mostly E Orthodox
• Language close to Romanian (Macedoromanian or
  Aromanian)
• Live as minorities in other countries
• Communities in Greece, Macedonia, Albania,
  Bulgaria, Romania

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The Bulgarian Border

• Past and present WWI
• Arrest and exile
• Passing on to Plovdiv

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Romania Constanta

• Family roots
• Time WWII
• Evacuations

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Danube voyage

• The statue of Lenin
• Beograd

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Danube
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(No Transcript)
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Time Line

• December 9, 1990 -- Miloevic elected president
  in Serbia's first multi-party election since
  World War II
• May events
• Borovo Selo incident
• Yugoslavia to ratify new president of the
  Presidency (see Hall p. 45)
• June 25, 1991 -- Croatia and Slovenia proclaim
  independence

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Results of independence movements

• June 1991 -- Yugoslav tanks fail to crush
  Slovenian independence. Fighting begins in
  Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs.
• December 19, 1991 -- Rebel Serbs declare
  independence in Krajina region which makes up
  almost a third of Croatia.
• December 1991 -- In Bosnia, the most ethnically
  mixed Yugoslav republic, Serb minority holds
  unofficial referendum opposing separation from
  Yugoslavia. Local Serb leaders proclaim new
  republic separate from Bosnia

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1992-93

• January 1992 -- U.N. forces enter Croatia and
  fighting subsides.
• February 29 - March 1, 1992 -- Bosnia's Muslims
  and Croats vote for independence in referendum
  boycotted by Serbs.
• April 6, 1992 -- War breaks out between Bosnian
  government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995
  siege of capital Sarajevo.
• January 1993 -- Bosnia peace efforts fail, war
  breaks out between Muslims and Croats, previously
  allied against Serbs.

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1994-95

• 1995 -- Two major thrusts by Croatian forces
  recover most of Serb-held territory and 150,000
  Serbs flee to Serbia.
• November 21, 1995 -- Following NATO air strikes
  against Bosnian Serbs, Miloevic joins presidents
  of Bosnia and Croatia in peace agreement at
  U.S.-sponsored talks at Dayton, Ohio

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Progress since 1995?

• Divided Bosnia
• ICTY indicts and convicts
• 2003 EU takes over policing from UN
• 2004 Peacekeeping handed over to EUFor
• Bridge at Mostar rebuilt

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Dayton Map
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Theory and Drakulics S A Novel About the
Balkans (1999)

• Public humiliation effective way of scaring
  people away
• Mass rape most horrifying public humiliation
• Shame women, soil them
• Rape intimidates enemy soldiers

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Other Ethnic Groups

• Dervish
• Vlachs
• Roma

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Roma (Gypsies)

• Who they are
• Where they come from
• Language
• History
• Culture

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Romantic Vision
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More Critical Visions
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Portrait England
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Nazis and Roma