Title: The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies
1The Future of the WebVisual, Social,
UniversalBen Shneiderman(ben_at_cs.umd.edu)Direc
tor, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Professor, Department of Computer
ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer
Studies Systems ResearchUniversity of
MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
2Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
3User Interface Design Goals
- Cognitively comprehensible Consistent,
predictable controllable - Affectively acceptable Mastery,
satisfaction responsibility - NOT
- Adaptive, autonomous anthropomorphic
4User Interface Design Goals
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- Cognitively comprehensible Consistent,
predictable controllable - Affectively acceptable Mastery,
satisfaction responsibility - NOT
- Adaptive, autonomous anthropomorphic
5Design Issues
- Input devices strategies
- Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
- Direct manipulation
- Menus, forms, commands
- Output devices formats
- Screens, windows, color, sound
- Text, tables, graphics
- Instructions, messages, help
- Collaboration communities
- Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org usableweb.com
6Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
- Specify users and tasks
- Predict and measure
- time to learn
- speed of performance
- rate of human errors
- human retention over time
- Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for
User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0,
www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html) - Accommodate individual differences
- Consider social, organizational cultural
context -
7U.S. Library of Congress
- Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
- Teachers, Students
8Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
- Doctors
- Surgeons
- Researchers
- Students
9NASA Environmental Data
- Scientists
- Farmers
- Land planners
- Students
10U.S. Bureau of Census
- Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
- Teachers, Students
11Planning the FutureOld Computing Is About What
Computers Can Do, New Computing Is About What
Users Can Do
12Old Metrics Computer-Centered
- Network bandwidth
- Processor speeds
- Web pages and page visits
- Server capacity reliability
- Database sizes for images, videos, music,
statistics, remote sensing - System response times
13Web Design Strategies to Empower UsersVisual,
Social, Universal
14New Metrics User-centered
- 1) Visual Design
- Speed of performance on benchmark tasks
- Error rates recovery patterns
- Retention familiarity
- 2) Social Support
- Capacity to communicate with others
- Degree of empathy, trust, privacy security
- Pace of cooperation knowledge exchange
- 3) Universal Usability
- Range of technology supported
- Diversity of users accommodated
- Support for novices experts
15Application Explosions
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- E-commerce
- Sales, Sales, Sales
- Information, customer support service
- New partnerships for integrated services
- Business to Business (B2B) opportunities
- Medicine healthcare
- Tele-medicine consultation information sharing
- More informed and active patients
- New patient-doctor relationships
- Graphical patient histories diagnosis,
assessment, research
16E-commerce Metrics
- Speed in locating known items in a catalog
- Broad/shallow designs for exploration browsing
- Causes of abandoned shopping baskets
- Return visitors profile
- Purchases as a function of session length path
- Impact of advertisements publicity
- Sources of referrals destinations on exit
- Market share comparison with competitors
- Number of forgotten/unserved users
17Application Explosions
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- Educational technology
- Distance Learning on-demand courses
- Just-in-time training
- Active learning, teamwork project orientation
- Philosophy Relate-Create-Donate
- Tele-democracy
- Government information and services
- Online voting, licenses, payments
- Participation in political processes
- Campaign contributions
18New Challenges
- 1) Visual Design
- Advanced Graphical User Interfaces
- Information Visualization
- Dynamic queries query previews
- 2) Social Support
- From 100-person listserv to million-person
communities - Instant messaging, team coordination, knowledge
management - Medical support groups as empathic communities
- 3) Universal Usability
- Cope with technology variety
- Accommodate diverse users
- Reduce complexity promote evolutionary learning
191) Visual Design
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- Visual bandwidth is enormous
- Human perceptual skills are remarkable
- Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
- Color, size, shape, proximity...
- Human image storage is fast and vast
- Opportunities
- Spatial layouts coordination
- Information visualization
- Scientific visualization simulation
- Telepresence augmented reality
- Virtual environments
20Information Visualization Definition
- Compact graphical presentation and
- user interface for
- manipulating large numbers of items (102 -
106), - possibly extracted from far larger datasets.
- Enables users to make
- discoveries,
- decisions, or
- explanations
- about
- patterns (trend, cluster, gap, outlier...),
- groups of items, or
- individual items.
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24Customer Analysis Perspective addresses Which
of my highest-spending customers are my most
profitable? Which customers should I target
for cross-sell/up-sell opportunities?
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26Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines
27LifeLines
28Treemap - view large trees with node values
- Space filling
- Space limited
- Color coding
- Size coding
- Requires learning
TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo,
1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper
(Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps
29Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
30Information Visualization Mantra
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
- Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
312) Social Support Concepts
- Online communities
- E-commerce customer service consumer
conversations - Medical support groups information exchange
- Educational discussions teamwork
- Neighborhood forums political organizing
- Technologies
- Synchronous text Instant messaging, chat rooms
- Asynchronous text Listservs, bulletin boards,
newsgroups - Audio,video, virtual realities
322) Social Support Goals
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- Supporting Sociability
- People Target a population
- Purposes Clearly state focus
- Policies Make expectations explicit
- behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules
- Designing Usability
- Users Know the users
- Tasks Understand frequencies and sequences
- Systems Choose seamless combinations of tools
Online Communities Supporting Sociability,
Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley
Sons, June 2000
332) Social Support Trust
- Invite participation by ensuring trust
- Disclose patterns of past performance
- Provide references from past and current users
- Get certifications from third parties
- Make policies for privacy security easy to find
read - Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility
- Clarify each participant's responsibilities
- Provide clear guarantees with compensation
- Describe dispute resolution and mediation
services
Communications of the ACM, Special Issue on Trust
343) Universal Usability
Consistent Predictable Controllable
- Technology variety Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access - User diversity Accommodate users with
different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
literacy, culture, income, disabilities,
disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise,
light)... - Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
between what users know and what they need to
know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
35- Technology variety Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access
Device Independence Input keyboard,
speech,... Output visual, auditory,...
Conversion Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm
devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall
Display 30,000 480,000
3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File
conversion Multiple platforms
36- User diversity Accommodate different users
Language Culture Western, Eastern,
developing... Personality Introvert vs
extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion
Locus of control Planful vs playful
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric,
cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility,
injury, noise, sunlight
Age Young to old Gender Male or
Female Income Impoverished to wealthy
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
Figure 4 The second challenge is to accommodate
the enormous diversity of users.
37Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies
- Bridge the gap between what users know and what
they need to know
Online Learning (evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals,
Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Design Layered Level-structured
Task-oriented
Training Fade-able scaffolding Training
wheels Minimalist
Online help Context sensitive, tables of
contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs,
Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
38Thomas Jefferson
- I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge
so disseminated through the mass of mankind that
it may...reach even the extremes of society
beggars and kings. - -- Reply to American Philosophical Society,
1808
39ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC November
16-17, 2000 www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
40Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil