Emission limits and standards for Small Scale Biomass Combustion in Sweden and Europe

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• Emission limits and standards for Small Scale
  Biomass Combustion in Sweden and Europe
• Chile Visit 0807
• Lennart Gustavsson
• SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

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Swedish legislation

• Emission limits included in the building
  regulations (BFS 200612)
• For primary heating instrallations expressed as
  maximum content of organic bound carbon (OGC)
• For secondary heating installations expressed as
  maximum CO content
• Recommended (not legally binding) to test
  according to relevant European standard

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Sweden - primary heating installations

• Nom. heat output OGC at 10 O2
• kW mg/m3
• Manual charging lt50 150
• 50 - 300 100
• Automatic charging lt50 100
• 50 300 80
• No requirements for minimum energy efficiency

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Sweden - Secondary heating installations

• Requirements valid for appliances in a building
  primarily heated by means of another source
• Max CO at 13 O2,
• Wood stoves, fireplace 0.3
• inserts
• Pellet stoves 0.04
• Not valid for open fireplaces and tiled stoves
  installed to create a cosy atmosphere or for
  kitchen stoves

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Austrian legislation

• Limits similar to the best emission class for EN
  standard (CO and CxHy) and equal to or lower than
  the lowest emission class (paticulate matter)
• ELV, mg/MJ
• CO NOx OGC dust
• Hand stoked Biogenic fuel 1100 150 80 60
• Fossil fuel 1100 100 80 60
• Automatically Biogenic fuel 500 150 40 60
• stoked Fossil fuel 500 100 40 40

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German legislation today

• Bundes Immissions Schutz Verordnung fur
  Kleinfeuerungs-anlagen revised 2003
• Valid for solid fuel installations gt15 kW
• Requirements for non-treated wood in pieces
• Nom. heat capacity kW Dust g/m3 CO g/m3
• 15 50 0.15 4
• 50 150 0.15 2
• 150 500 0.15 1
• gt 500 0.15 0.5

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Proposed German new legislation

• Valid for solid fuel installations gt 4 kW
• Requirements for roomheaters (step 2 from 2014)
• CO g/m3 Dust g/m3
• Appl. type Eff. Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Step 2
• Roomheater 73 2.0 1.25 0.10 0.04
• Tiled stove etc 75 2.0 1.25 0.10 0.04
• Closed insert 75 2.0 1.25 0.10 0.04
• Cooker 70 3.0 1.50 0.10 0.04
• Pellet stove 85 0.40 0.25 0.05 0.03
• Do with boiler 90 0.40 0.25 0.03 0.02

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Why standardisation/certification ?

• - To guarantee minimum standards for product
  performance
• To increase consumer confidence in the products
  marketed
• To guide manufacturers in product design
• To enhance compatibility between combustion
  equipment and fuel characteristics
• To enhance compatibility between combustion
  equipment, heating needs and building
  structure/components
• To be a tool for product development towards
  better environmental performance

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Standardization issues

• Efficiency
• Safety
• Environmental impact
• Operational stability
• User friendliness
• Material durability
• Compatibility with fuel, chimney, building
  materials etc

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Existing European standards I

• EN 132402001 Roomheaters fired by solid fuels
• EN 128092001 Residential independent boilers
  fired by solid fuels Nom. heat output lt 50 kW
• EN 128152001 Residential cookers fired by
  solid fuels
• EN 132292001 Inset appliances including open
  fires fired by solid fuel

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EN 13240 etc - principles

• Specifies requirements related to the
• design, manufacture, construction, performance
  (efficiency and emissions), safety, instructions
  and marking
• Specifies test methods and test fuels
• Specifies max. CO content (1.0 ) but not dust or
  OGC content
• Specifies min. energy efficiency

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Existing European standards II

• EN 303-51999 Heating boilers for solid fuels,
  hand and automatically stoked, nominal heat
  output lt300 kW. Revision starts during 2008
• EN 147852006 Residential space heating
  appliances fired by wood pellets
• EN 152702007 Pellet burners for small heating
  boilers

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Voluntary marking systems The Swedish
experience

• A voluntary quality assurance system, the
  P-marking system in force since 1997, i.e. the
  beginning of the Swedish pellets era
• The system created, maintained and further
  developed in cooperation with all stakeholders
• Today about 20 pellet burners, 5 pellet boilers
  and 5 pellet stoves certified

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The Swedish experience pellet burners
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Future European legislation

• Increased small scale biomass use foreseen
• Emission limits may be too high to facilitate air
  quality limits to be fulfilled
• Better knowledge on health and environmental
  impact today and tomorrow
• Better measurement methods
• Better combustion technology possible
• Total environmental impact of Energy-using
  Products adressed i the EcoDesign Directive!

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The Eco-Design Directive, 2005/32/EC

• A framework directive on how to establish
  eco-design requirements for Energy-using Products
  (EuP), implementing measures then developed
  separately for each product group
• Main idea to optimise the total environmental
  performance including energy consumption over the
  whole product life cycle
• A tool to substantially decrease energy use,
  especially electricity, and thereby decrease the
  emissions of greenhouse gases

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The procedure for implementing measures

• A standardized methodology (MEEUP) on how each
  product group should be studied from an EcoDesign
  point of view
• Preparatory studies for about 20 groups of EuP
  have been made or are now in progress
• The preparatory studies shall propose feasible
  implementing measures
• Proposals being processed via Consultation
  Forum and Regulatory Committeeby the Commission

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The Preparatory Study

• Legislation and Standards
• Market Analysis
• Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure
• Technical Analysis
• Definition of a Base Case
• Design Options
• Policies, Scenarios, Impact and Sensitivity
  Analysis
• Conclusions and Proposed Implementing Measures

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Lot 1 Boilers for gas, oil and electricity I

• Proposals for implementing measures (excerpt)
• - calculation model for system efficiency
  preliminary basis for verification
• - minimum system efficiency 56 from 1/1 2011,
  76 from 1/1 2013
• - mandatory energy labelling in a ten-step scale
  (lt40 to gt120 ) for system efficiency
• - means that only condensing boilers will be
  acceptable , electrical boilers will be
  forbidden to sell

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Lot 15 Solid Fuel Small Combustion Installations

• Preparatory Study now in progress, conducted by
  Bio Intelligence Service S.A.S.
• Equipment with a heat output up to 500 kW
  boilers, stoves, fireplaces, burners, cookers etc
• All kinds of solid fuels mineral fuels, biomass
  fuels (logs, chips, pellets, straw etc), peat,
  waste

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The Time Schedule short!!

•  
• Project planning
• September 24, 2007 Project launch
• mid-January 2008 Task 1 draft report
• end of February 2008 First stakeholder meeting
• Spring 2008 Task 2 3 draft reports
• Summer/Fall 2008 Task 4 5 draft reports
• End of 2008 Interim stakeholder meeting
• Task 6 7 draft reports
• May 2009 Draft final report
• June 2009 Final stakeholder meeting
• September 2009 Final report 

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Issues to be highlighted from a biomass point of
view

• Both energy efficiency aspects and greenhouse
  effect aspects must be considered
• The emission characteristics of pellets compared
  to mineral fuels and other biofuels
• The rapid development of pellet use during the
  last years
• The large improvement potential in environmental
  impact, market share, technology etc coming from
  increased pellet use

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Very good information source!

• The progress of the Preparatory study can be
  followed on
• http//www.ecosolidfuel.org
• Stakeholder meetings
• Draft Task reports
• Final reports incl. proposed future legislation