Unit IV: The Classical Period Readings

1
Unit IV The Classical PeriodReadings Class
Topics

• W, Th Oct. 21, 22 Ch 3, 4, 5, 6
• M, T Oct. 26, 27 Ch 3, 4, 5, 6
• W, Th Oct. 28, 29 Ch 7, 9, 10
• M, T Nov. 2, 3 Ch 11, 12
• W, Th Nov. 4, 5 Romantic Class 1
• M, T Nov. 9, 10 Exam 3Classical
• Note that Exam 3 is 5 days later than scheduled
  in the syllabus. If class wish, we can take it
  on Nov. 4,5, instead.

2
Study Helps for Part 4, Classical Era

• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007340134x/s
  tudent_view0/part4/
• ChartPlayer
• Kamien listening guides in text
• http//www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/

3
The Classical Era

• Ch. 3 Sonata Form
• Ch. 4 Theme and variations
• Ch. 5 Minuet and Trio
• Ch. 6 Rondo

4
Form in 18th C Music

• Musical structures mirror classical architecture
• Simple, clear, clean uncluttered
• Unity contrast balanced
• Symmetry, balance of sections
• 18th C listeners V much aware of form as they
  hear music

5
You need CD2 for the following presentation.
6
Sonata Form central concepts

• Sonata form is the organization of a single
  movement or piece of music.
• Sonata form sections
• (optional), , ,
  , (optional)
• Describe the contents and purpose of each
  section.
• What is a theme?
• Describe/explain the sonata form components that
  unify and those that contrast.
• Why is the entire exposition repeated in a sonata
  form movement? What must a listener do with the
  expositions contents in order to perceive a
  movements sonata structure?

7
Sonata form
Structure (organization) of a single movement
(Introduction) Exposition Development
Recapitulation (Coda)
8
Sonata form
Structure (organization) of a single movement
(Introdu Exposition Development Recapitulation

9
Sonata form
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Bridge
ClosingSection
Th 1 More energy faster louder Tonic
key Mood? Instrumentation? Accompaniment?
Th 2 Less energy slower R softer Away
key Mood? Instrumentation? Accompaniment?
Transitions modulates
10
A brief look at Theme 1
ques
ans
Opening phrase
Closing phrase

• Melodys compactness
• Repeated rhythm
• Repeated 3-note pattern
• Sequence
• Question Answer organization

11
Theme Contours
Th 1
Th 2
12
Sonata form
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Click to hear and track the Exposition.
13
Sonata form
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
transitions modulates
14
Sonata form
Developmentexpands on, workswith musical
material
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
theme(s) from expos reworking of themes sense of
conflict modulations
What? How?
transitions modulates
15
HOW might a composer develop a theme or themes?

• A composer might
• Repeat theme
• Fragment theme (and use part of it)
• Use theme in imitation
• Add counter-melody to theme
• Combine themes or theme fragments
• Change tone color (instruments)
• Change dynamics
• Change themes rhythm
• Change themes character or mood
• Change themes accompaniment
• Change key and/or mode (major-minor)

16
Sonata form
Development
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
theme(s) from expos reworking of themes sense of
conflict modulations
What? How?
17
Sonata form
Development
What theme? What development procedure(s)?
What theme? Dynamic? Who plays
theme?counter-melody?
What theme? Dynamic? Entire theme or part of
it? What instruments? What development
procedure(s)?
What theme? Dynamic? Entire theme or part? What
instruments? What development procedure(s)?
What theme? Dynamic? Motive imitations. Tone
color changes. Provides transition to
Recapitulation.
Who plays long tone counter-melody?
theme?counter-melody?
theme?counter-melody?
theme?counter-melody?
18
Development procedures
1 Repeat theme 2 Fragment theme (and use part of
it) 3 Use theme in imitation 4 Add counter-melody
to theme 5 Combine themes or theme
fragments 6 Change tone color (instruments) 7 Chan
ge dynamics 8 Change themes rhythm 9 Change
themes character or mood 10 Change themes
accompaniment 11 Change key and/or mode
(major-minor)
19
Sonata form
Developmentexpands on, workswith musical
material
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Recapitulationreviews musicalmaterial
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
theme(s) from expos reworking of themes sense of
conflict modulations
What? How?
transitions modulates
transitions
20
Sonata form
Developmentexpands on, workswith musical
material
Expositionpresents musicalmaterial
Recapitulationreviews musicalmaterial
Codaclosesmvt
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
Th 1
Bridge
Th 2
ClosingSection
How?Whatdoyouhear?
theme(s) from expos reworking of themes sense of
conflict modulations
What? How?
transitions modulates
transitions
21
Sonata form
Unity Contrast are balanced
U
(Introduction) Exposition Development
Recapitulation (Coda)
Th 1
Th 2
Th 1
Th 2
B
B
C U
C U
C
C
22
LOG

• Mozart
• Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, Mvt. 1
• Symphony movement
• I Sonata form
• What does K. 550 mean?

CD 2Tks 23-31
23
YOU NEED TO

• Know structure
• Know elements of unity and contrast
• Know (memorize) themes
• Track formal components
• Identify development procedures

24
Theme variations
Structure (organization) of a single movement
Theme Var 1 Var 2 Var 3 Var 4. Var
? A A A A A .. A?
25
Theme and Variations example by Haydn
Th
Var 1
Var 2
Var 3
Var 4
Coda
A A A A A a a b b
a a b b a a b aabb a b
Pieces of theme
Whatchanges?
Whatchanges?
Whatsoloinst? Whatchanges?
Dynamic?Insts?
Identical?
Identical?
Short transitions
Unity theme is always recognizable themes
formal structure remains constant
Contrast theme can undergo some
change dynamics, style, major-minor, rhythm,
added material (countermelodies)
26
Theme and Variations example by Haydn
Th
Var 1
Var 2
Var 3
A A A A a a b b a
a b b a a b aabb b
NEXT SLIDE
Who plays theme? Who plays counter-melody?
What dynamic shifts? Is this section the same as
previous ones?
a repetition What changes?
b repetition What changes?
Style for part of this section?
This is all in the book, but you must be able to
hear it. PRACTICE LISTENING!
27
Theme and Variations example by Haydn
Th
Var 3
Var 4
Coda
A A A A A a a b b
a a b b a a b aabb a b
Pieces of theme
Compare Var. 3 w/ Theme a 1. Who plays
theme? 2. Describe accompaniment 2. Tempo
faster? Slower? Same? 3. Themes rhythm Faster?
Slower? Same? 4. Is the repeat of a the same
or different? 5. Who plays theme on repeat? 6.
What instruments play counter-melody?
Dynamic Who plays theme? Who plays counter-melody?
28
Theme and Variations example by Haydn
Th
Var 1
Var 2
Var 3
Var 4
Coda
A A A A A a a b b
a a b b a a b aabb a b
Pieces of theme
a repetition What changes?
b repetition What changes?
Short transitions
This is all in the book, but you must be able to
hear it. PRACTICE LISTENING!
29
LOG

• Haydn
• Symphony No. 94 in G Major, Mvt. 2
• Symphony movement
• I Theme and variations

CD 2Tks 32-37
30
YOU NEED TO

• Know structure
• Know elements of unity and contrast
• Know (memorize) themes
• Track formal components
• Identify development procedures

31
Minuet and Trio Form example by Mozart
Minuet Trio Minuet a a b a b a c c d c d c
a b a Tonic key Dominant key Tonic
key Style? Style? Dynamic level? Dynamic
level? Energy level? Energy level?
Unity Contrast repetition of minuet trio
section key change, style, dynamic
CD2 Tks 38-40
32
LOG

• Mozart
• Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Mvt. 3
• minuet from a serenade
• I minuet and trio

CD2 Tks 38-40
33
What do these RONDO forms have in common?

• A B A B A
• A B A C A B A
• A B A C A

34
Rondo Form example by Beethoven
A B A C A
B A Coda aababa ccdcdc
aababa eeff
dev
Unity ? Contrast ?
CD2 Tks 41-44
35
Rondo Form example by Beethoven
A B A C
A B A aababa
Unity ? Contrast ?
36
Rondo Form example by Beethoven
A (This section is constructed as a series of
question and answer phrases.) a a b a b a
Q u e s t i o n
Q u e s t i o n
Q u e s t i o n
A n s w e r
A n s w e r
A n s w e r
CD2 Tk 41
37
Rondo Form example by Beethoven
A B A C A
B A Coda aababa ccdcdc
aababa eeff Rhythm ? ? ? Major ? ?
? Minor ? ? ? Style ? ?
? Energy ? ? ?
dev
Listen to the upward scales. What texture does
Beethovensimulate?
Unity ? Contrast ?
Click the record, listen, track theform,
describe points of contrastbetween the A, B, and
C sections.
CD2 Tks 41-44
38
LOG

• Beethoven
• String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4, Mvt. 4
• String Quartet movement
• I rondo

A string quartet comprises what instruments? What
is the meaning of Op. (opus)?
CD2 Tks 41-44
39
YOU NEED TO

• Know structures
• Know elements of unity and contrast
• Track formal components

40
Classical LOG Check

• MozartSonata form
• HaydnTheme and Variations
• MozartMinuet and Trio
• Beethoven--Rondo