Civil Engineering Surveying

1
Civil Engineering Surveying

• Roy Frank

2
Planning A Survey

• Planning requires a well rounded understanding of
  surveying practices
• Process
• Choice of accuracy required (depends on use to be
  made)
• Basic Control
• Topographic
• Photogrammetry

3
Planning A Survey

• Existing Control
• Search records for existing control in area
• Illinois Geological Survey Urbana, IL
• National Geodetic Survey Rolla, MO or
  Rockville, Maryland
• Reconnaissance
• Search Procedure
• Description often dated
• Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)
• Probe, detectors often problems - brass

4
Planning A Survey

• Choice of Instruments and Methods
• Depends on availability, location, existing
  features, and accuracy
• Computation and Drafting

5
Accuracy and Errors

• Accuracy depends on
• Precise instruments
• Precise Methods
• Good Planning
• Example Angle turned with theodolite, pointed
  with care readings checked thus good precision.
  Angles of 2-3 expected, real results angles
  15 accuracy

6
Errors

• 3 Types
• Blunders
• Systematic Error
• Accidental Error
• Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate
• Every value to be recorded must be checked by
  some independent field observation

7
Errors

1. Once check indicates that there is no blunder,
   field record must never be changed or destroyed
2. An overall check must be applied to every control
   survey. Make as many overall checks as possible.

8
Errors

• Systematic Error an error that under the same
  conditions will always be of same size and sign.
• Basic Rules to Eliminate
• All surveying equipment must be designed and used
  so that whenever possible systematic errors will
  be eliminated automatically
• Systematic error which can not be eliminated must
  be evaluated and their relationship to conditions
  that cause them must be determined.
• Example Temperature Corrections

9
Errors

• Accidental Errors (random errors) represent the
  limit of precision in the determination of a
  value
• Corrected be laws of probability
• Compass Rule and Least Squares

10
Hydrographic Surveys

• Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and
  shorelines
• Rivers and Lakes Process different
• Rivers
• Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines
  of control points on opposite sides
• River Portion 2 processes
• EDM similar to radial
• Dual instrument with position by angle and
  intersection
• Lakes
• Normal process same as river but generally do not
  have current problems

11
Overall Process

1. Establish control points both horizontal and
   vertical
2. Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is
   basis for control points on shore)
3. Cross sections taken
4. If EDM, radials taken from control points due to
   difficulty in obtaining shots under 300
5. May have to combine cross sections and radial
   location to pick up anomalies not covered by
   cross sections

12
Gauging Stations

• Purpose is to install either manually read or
  automatic gauges to determine stream, river,
  lake, or ocean elevations
• Process
• Establish system of BMs throughout area gauges
  will be installed
• Establish elevation mark at site for installation
• After gauges are installed, check elevation of
  each

13
Topographic Surveys

• 6 Basic Methods
• Radial
• Plus/Offset
• Plus Offset
• Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish
  points at station interval 50, 100, 200
• Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus
  distance right or left (looking up stationing)
• Establish elevations on station points then
  elevation out a predetermined distance with shots
  at breaks

14
Topographic Surveys

• Due additional section to locate features in
  between stations
• Equipment Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right
  Angle Prism?
• Grid Method
• Take cross Section Groups and Combine
• Establish Grid baseline often property line
• Establish Perpendicular line
• Both Marked at grid interval (25, 50)
• Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid
• Grid laid out by double taping
• Field notes 1 2 grids/page

15
Topographic Surveys

• Photogrammetry
• Limitations
• Trees Leaves off no large growths of
  coniferous
• Ground Cover grass, thick weeds and vines, snow
• Clear Sky
• Tall Buildings
• Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the
  average of 2 weeks flying time

16
Topographic Surveys

• Scale Photo
• S (f/H)
• Coordinates From Photos
• XA (xa/f)(H-ha)
• YA (ya/f)(H-ha)
• Height of an object
• r radial dist. to top
• d radial dist. to top radial dist. to bottom
• h d (H) / r

17
Topographic Surveys

• GPS Total Station System
• Basic of GPS
• Topo with GPS
• Topo Trimble Total Station (RTK)
• Limitations
• Must be able to maintain satellite signal
  Trees, Building
• Signal Reflection (Multipath) Buildings,
  Fences, Roofs
• Debate over elevation (0.15 /- my belief)

18
Topographic Surveys

• Trace Contour
• Used to identify several contours around an area
• Plane Table Surveys
• Rarely used
• Method prepares a manuscript map in the field

19
Mapping and Map Drafting

• 2 Basic Types of Maps used in Engineering
• Line Drawing
• Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or
  orthophoto map

20
Mapping and Map Drafting

• Datum in Mapping
• Datum used to correlate measurements, to
  determine elevations and horizontal positions for
  points at different locations
• Topographic Maps using Symbols Show
• Spatial configuration of Earths surface
  (contours)
• Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)
• Physical Changes caused by man

21
Mapping and Map Drafting

• Planning Maps
• Used in planning Engineering work or overall
  planning at the urban, Regional, or National
  Levels
• Plotting Contours
• Interpolation
• Estimation
• Computation

22
Mapping and Map Drafting

• Contours
• Characteristics of Contours
• Horizontal distance between contour lines is
  inversely proportionate to the slope
• Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced
• Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are
  straight and parallel
• Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of
  steepest slope
• All contours close upon themselves
• Different contours do not merge or cross one
  another (except vertical walls, overhangs,
  cliffs) on map

23
Mapping and Map Drafting

• Factors that influence choice of map scale
• Clarity with which features can be shown
• Cost (larger scale higher cost)
• Correlation of Map data with related maps
• Desired size of map sheet
• Physical factors (number and character), nature
  of terrain, required contour interval

24
Mapping and Map Drafting

• Map Classifications
• Based on American Society of Civil Engineering,
  Surveying, and Mapping Division
• Design Maps
• Used to design and construct
• Information shown on Maps

25
Mapping and Map Drafting

1. The following should be on a map
2. Direction of Meridian (North)
3. Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)
4. Legend or key of symbols
5. Title Block (identifiers)
6. Contour Interval
7. Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are
   Referenced
8. If coordinate base used what system

26
Mapping and Map Drafting

• If map is to become public record (subdivision).
  It must contain in addition to the above
• Length of each line
• Direction of each line (bearing or angles)
• Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)
• Location and Kind of monuments
• Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)
• Full description of Boundary
• Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct

27
Planning and Estimating from Topo Maps

• Purpose of Topo maps
• Profiles
• Grade contour
• Drainage Area
• Limits determined by following characteristics
• Begins and ends at the point in the stream to
  which it applies
• Passes through every saddle that divides drainage
  area
• Often follows ridges
• Reservoir Capacity

28
Earthwork Computations by Average End Area

• Prepare Cross Sections
• Differentiate between existing
  proposed
• Planimeter Cross Sections
• Amount of cut fill for each cross
  section
• Beginning and end stations have 0
  value
• Compute Volume
• Conversion Constant 1.852 (100/27)/ 2
  (Sta. Dist.)/ CF/CY / 2

29
Earthwork by Average End Area

• EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA (EXAMPLE)
• END AREAS
• STATION CUT EMBANKMENT
• 000 0 0
• 100 10 156
• 260 50 795
• 300 197 1526
• 480 5 110
• 500 0 0

30
SAMPLE END AREA

• STATION SUM SUM
• CUT FILL CUT FILL
  D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL
• 000 0 0
• 10
  156 1.0 10 156
  10 156
• 100 10 156
• 60
  951 1.6 96 1522
  106 1678
• 260 50 795
• 247
  2321 0.4 99 929
  205 2607
• 300 197 1526
• 202
  1636 1.8 364 2945
  569 5552
• 480 5 110
• 5
  110 0.2 1 22
  570 5574
• CUT 570 X 1.852 1056 Cubic Yards
• EMBANKMENT 5574 X 1.852 10324 Cubic Yards
• Compaction Factor 25, 10324 CY
  X 1.25 12905 CY Fill

31
U.S. Rectangular System

• IDEAL Process
• Area divided by establishment of Principal
  Meridians and Baselines
• Area divided into 24 mile square tracts
  quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of
  Parallel (correction lines)
• Divide 24 mile² tracts into 16 townships each 6
  miles square
• Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

32
(No Transcript)
33
U.S. Rectangular System

• IDEAL Process
• Area divided by establishment of Principal
  Meridians and Baselines
• Area divided into 24 mile square tracts
  quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of
  Parallel (correction lines)
• Divide 24 mile² tracts into 16 townships each 6
  miles square
• Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections

34
Easements

• Easement is a Legal document which allows someone
  to do something to and or through your property
• Types
• Access (ingress/egress)
• Construction
• Water rights
• Utility

35
Easement must Describe

• What it is for (purpose)
• Who between
• Must be signed by all whos name appears on deed
• Width of easement
• Duration specified number of years or perpetual
  or life
• Description of where located
• Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision

36
Description Method for Waterline Easements

• A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across the
  _____ side of the _____ ¼ of the _____¼ of
  Section, ___, T__ __, R__ __of the ___ P.M.,
  __________ County, Illinois said strip lying
  ______ of and adjacent to the _______ right of
  way line of the existing public road.

37
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Worldwide system of navigation satellites by U.S.
  Department of Defense
• Started in 1982
• Civil GPS Service (CGS)
• Views civil users in 3 groups
• Professional
• Commercial
• Recreational

38
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Provides info in 4 categories
• Planning information
• Current status information
• Historical information
• Responses to user questions

39
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Information may be obtained from
• DOT/RSPA
• ATTN DMA 26
• Room 8405
• Washington, DC 20590
• Commandant
• USCG Headquarters
• G-NRN-2
• 2100 2nd Street SW
• Washington, DC 20593

40
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Information may be obtained from
• National Geodetic Survey
• NOAA N/CG 142
• Rockwall 306
• Rockville, Maryland 20852

41
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Satellites broadcast on 2 bands
• L1 modulated with P code (Precise Positioning
  Service PPS)
• L2 modulated with C/A code (Standard Positioning
  Service SPS)
• C/A mode intended for general use and capable of
  providing single point positioning
• P mode is much more accurate but is reserved for
  military and government use

42
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Planning GPS Surveys as important as the
  sophisticated needed to collect the data
• Planning Phases
• Presurvey reconnaissance 2 stations site
  requirements 3 connections to existing geodetic
  control 4 network design 5 satellite
  availability 6 observing schedule

43
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Reconnaissance (presurvey)
• Important to minimize delays or changes in
  observing schedule
• Office planning
• Obtain station descriptions
• Prepare control diagrams
• Preliminary Reconnaissance
• Determine recoverability of existing control
  stations
• Provide sketch showing existing and proposed
  stations
• Suitability of existing stations for use by GPS

44
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Station site Selection (critical factors)
• Obstructions with elevations greater than 15º-20º
  above horizontal should be avoided
• Station mark must be suitable for occupation by
  tripod

45
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Networks Design
• Design depends on
• Surveys order and purpose
• Number of receivers available
• Desired spacing between stations
• It is best to connect at least 3 existing
  geodetic control stations

46
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Field Operations
• Survey team structure determined totally by
  operation method
• Numbers depends on
• Number of receivers
• Number and length of observation stations
• Time spent transporting equipment
• Logistics and administrative needs

47
Global Positioning System(GPS)

1. Transportation
2. Monumentation
3. Power supply
4. Weather

48
Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Total Process
• Establish receivers and have all track
  simultaneously
• Data cleaned search for ambiguities in data to
  identify correct integer values
• All vector solutions are computed
• 2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver
  computer
• Data given by longitude and latitude

49
New System NAVSTAR

• L2C civil signal added to L2 with P code
• Block II RM Satellites Launch 2005-2009
• L5 New Frequency more powerful and larger
  bandwidth
• Provides easier signal acquisition and tracking
• Block IIF Satellites
• Functional in mid 2013

50
GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

• Static minimum 3 receivers
• Occupation/session 1-3 hours
• PDOP lt 6 with 4 satellites
• Occupy 3 stations then move 2, leap frog
  techniques
• Pseudo Static can work with 2 receivers
• Occupy for 2-5 minutes, each station must be
  occupied twice approximately 2 hours apart
• Can loose satellite lock for short periods
• PDOP lt 5 with 4 satellites

51
GPS Field Data Collection Techniques

• Kinematics 2 or more receivers
• Occupy 1-3 minutes
• Must track same 4 satellites minimum prefer 5
• 1 rec. at base, rover occupies 1 min. move,
  occupy 1 min. and at end go back to beginning and
  repeat
• Stop and Go Kinematics 2 bases and 1 rover
• Occupation time 1-10 sec
• PDOP lt 6 with 4 satellites
• Real Time (RTK) base with radio transmitter and
  rover with radio receiver
• Occupation 1-10 sec.
• PDOP lt 6

52
Municipal Surveys

1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps
2. Value used by planners, engineers, architects,
   utilities, and surveyors
3. Planning Maps
4. Steps of Fieldwork
5. Establish Network of Major Control Mon.
6. Run traverse connecting major control points
7. Run levels and establish BMs along traverse
   network

53
Order for project

• Monuments Iron pin with bronze cap in 12 dia
  PCC and extending min 18 below frost line (min
  48)
• Traverse 1st order (1200,000 1500,000)
• Stations generally 1000 1500 apart
• Leveling base on NGS datum
• 3-wire differential most often used
• Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire
  hydrants, power poles, etc.)

54
Products

1. Base Map shows all control station, traverse
   stations, BMs, Streets, ROW, and Public Property
2. Topo Map
3. City Property Survey (location of all existing
   monuments)
4. Underground Map (utility map)

55
Basic Route Survey and Design

1. Concept for Route
2. Reconnaissance Study
3. Small scale mapping of region (1-500 to
   1-200)
4. Identify Alternative Routes (corridors)
5. Corridor Study
6. Public Hearings on selected corridor

56
Basic Route Survey and Design

• Alignment Design
• Preliminary medium scale mapping of corridor
• Paper location study
• Choose desired alignment
• Field location survey
• Set PIs
• Measure angle and distance between PIs
• Choose and design curves
• Compute alignment
• Set centerline stations (Hubs at 100 STA. PC
  PT)
• Modify alignment if needed

57
Basic Route Survey and Design

• Roadway Design
• Supplemental Large Scale Mapping
• Horizontal mapping
• Cross section baseline
• Design typical sections
• Design roadway items
• Draft plans
• Compute quantities
• Prepare specifications

58
Basic Route Survey and Design

• Right of way surveys
• Requires parcel and strip maps
• Determine ROW widths required
• Perform property surveys
• Prepare legal descriptions
• Stake parcels

59
Basic Route Survey and Design

• Construction surveys
• Reference PI, PT, PC
• Slope stake for rough grade
• Stake drainage and structures
• Layout roadway items
• BlueTop for subgrade of final grade
• Progress measurements and cross sections for pay
  quantities
• As built surveys

60
Sewer Projects

1. Firm under contract
2. Preliminary studies
3. General layout map
4. Buildings located on general layout
5. Treatment site search
6. Preliminary paper layout
7. Make sure every building and potential building
   site can be served
8. Manhole system placed on general layout

61
Sewer Projects

• Preliminary filed work
• Preliminary profiles
• BM system established
• Manholes set
• Profiles run
• Basement elevations acquired
• Design mapping
• Final plans
• Treatment area
• Boundary survey
• Complete topo of area

62
Sewer Projects

• Design process
• Sewer line design
• Preliminary profiles drawn
• Basement elevations plotted
• Manholes placed on profiles
• Slope between manholes computed
• Problem areas alternate service routes selected
• Manholes set in field
• Profiles run
• Revert to 3A

63
Sewer Projects

• Treatment plant design
• Topo map prepared
• Type system verified
• Treatment system sized based on existing and
  projected population
• System designed
• Plans drafted
• Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile
  sheets

64
Sewer Projects

• Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross
  sections
• Quantities computed
• Specifications
• Written instructions on how every item to be
  built
• Include contract documents and bid proposal
• Bidding procedure
• Notice of bid advertised on local paper
• Pre-bid meeting

65
Sewer Projects

• Bidding
• Each contractor submits sealed bid
• Bids opened and tabulated
• Engineer reviews proposals
• Engineer recommends which bid to accept
• Contract awarded

66
Sewer Projects

• Construction
• Surveying
• Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
  
• Manholes referenced
• Staking methods
• Batterboard method
• Laser method
• Measurement of quantities
• As Built

67
Water distribution systems

1. Put under contract water district formed
2. Preliminary studies
3. General layout prepared
4. Water district signs up users
5. Water source located
6. Waterlines placed on general layout
7. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

68
Water distribution systems

• Pump station and water storage sites
• Property acquired by perpetual easement or
  purchased
• Boundary survey performed for each site
• Topo each site
• Field work
• Plan preparation
• Normally photogrammetrically
• Flight plan sent on general layout
• Take photos and post measure horizontal control
• Plan sheets marked on photos using template

69
Water distribution systems

• Waterlines placed on plan sheets
• Crossings and easements
• Every location where waterline crosses paved
  road, railroad has to be topo, cross sectioned,
  and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
• Crossings plotted and permits applied for
  railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
• Easement descriptions prepared

70
Water distribution systems

• Final design
• All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,
  easements, acquired and in docket form, rock
  excavation on plans
• Quantities computed
• System driven to make sure nothing missed
• Tanks and P.S.
• Designed and sized
• Quantities computed

71
Water distribution systems

• Bidding
• Construction
• Water distribution system
• Waterline stakeout
• Each easement plotted on plans
• Crossings as permitted staked
• Quantities
• Tanks and PS
• Foundation staked
• Must be checked for plumb
• As built

72
Architectural Projects

1. Firm Under contract
2. Preliminary fieldwork
3. Boundary survey
4. Description provided
5. Fieldwork
6. Monument search, traverse site
7. Compute data and analysis
8. Final stakeout
9. Easement and encroachment search
10. Plat of survey

73
Architectural Projects

• Topo grid method most common
• Grid pattern 25 100
• BM USGS
• Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
• Utilities nearest tied in
• Include all objects above, on or below, ground
• Prepare topo map
• Field check map

74
Architectural Projects

• Construction
• Control
• If large building you may want to establish
  TBMs on control Mon.
• Stakeout
• Convert architects dimensions to engineering
• Layout clearing and excavation limits
• Layout underground piping

75
Architectural Projects

• Layout footings and foundations
• Layout building corners and supports
• Locate roads and parking areas
• Locate lighting and other project extras
• As built

76
Structure and Terrain Movement

• Used to monitor
• Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)
• Movement of bridges
• Movement of dams
• Landslides and earthquakes
• Amusement park rides

77
Structure and Terrain Movement

• Description error within system must be less
  than smallest movement to be observed
• 2 groups of monuments installed
• Reference or control monuments
• Deformation or movement monuments

78
Structure and Terrain Movement

• Control generally concrete pillars extending
  3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently
  attached
• Movement monuments for earthquake or landslide
  may be similar deep monuments

79
Structure and Terrain Movement

• Equipment
• GPS
• Turned angles
• Angle/Distance
• Leveling