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Limestone as an

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Title: Limestone as an


1
  • Limestone as an
  • Industrial Mineral
  • Kwaku Boakye Mineral Engineering Department and
    Bureau of Geology
  • New Mexico Institute of Mining and
    TechnologyFebruary 9, 2007

2
Outline
  • Introduction
  • Geologic description
  • Distribution
  • Production
  • Processing
  • Marketing
  • Uses

3
Introduction
  • Limestone and dolomite constitute a group of raw
    material commonly referred to as carbonate rock
  • In 2002, 1.6 billion tons were produced in the
    United States (Freas et al, 2006).
  • 71 of all stone quarried mined in the United
    State is carbonate rock

4
Geologic description
  • Origin of limestone
  • Limestones of economic importance are
    biologically derived from seawater and originally
    deposited in relatively shallow marine
    environments
  • Environment of deposition and the organic
    community largely determine the geometry of a
    carbonate deposit
  • Environment of deposition is significant to the
    industrial minerals geologist because it
    determines the size, shape, and purity of the
    deposit
  • High-energy zones produce relatively pure
    limestones because clay impurities are removed by
    high currents

5
  • Mineralogy
  • Limestone are sedimentary rocks
  • Chemical Composition of CaCO3
  • Similar in chemical composition as aragonite but
    different crystal structure
  • Aragonite is metastable and alters to
  • calcite in time
  • Siderite (FeCO3), Ankerite (Ca2MgFe(CO3)4) and
    Magnesite (MgCO3) are commonly found associated
    with limestones and dolomites

6
http//www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/expert/lim
estone.htm
7
Limestone
Limestone
Sandstone
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageLimestoneshale7
342.jpg
8
  • Chemical Properties
  • Chemical and Physical attributes are independent
    properties
  • Pure calcite in the form of poorly cemented chalk
    is not only unique in its low strength but also
    high absorption
  • Pure calcitic marble of the same chemical
    composition as chalk is relatively strong,
    unabsorptive, and unreactive
  • Chemical analysis is of upmost importance in
    stone used for chemical purpose, such as glass
    raw material, flux, or cement

9
  • Chemical properties are not so relevant for
    aggregates products
  • Chemical analysis are made to determine
    impurities
  • Impurities related with lime stone includes clay
    minerals, resistance minerals such as quartz, and
    organic material.
  • Most test are performed in accredited
    Laboratories
  • Many state surveys have files of chemical data
    obtained from quarry sampling and coring programs

10
  • Terminology used describe the purity of carbonates

http//books.smenet.org/Surf_Min_2ndEd/sm-ch02-sc1
0-ss11-tbl001.cfm
11
  • Physical Properties
  • Carbonates are similar in physical properties
    making it difficult to distinguish
  • Specific gravity, color, crystal form, hardness,
    etc are some of the physical properties
  • This properties are tested using testing
    procedures in ASTM and AASHO

12
http//books.smenet.org/Surf_Min_2ndEd/sm-ch02-sc1
0-ss11-tbl001.cfm
13
  Limestone pot hole
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LimestoneLimestone_l
andscape
14
Distribution
  • Carbonate rocks are deposited from Precambrian to
    Holocene time (Parker, 1967)
  • Carbonate rock compose only about 0.25 of the
    volume of the earth crust (Parker, 1967)
  • Carbonate comprise of 15 of the worlds
    sedimentary rocks
  • Each carbonate deposit differ in their geologic
    characteristics
  • Highly-purity carbonate rock deposits are not
    overly abundant
  • Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire and
    Rhode Island and all of Canadian Province are in
    abundance of pure limestone

15
Production
  • Exploration
  • Coring
  • Rock Bitting
  • Surface Sampling
  • Mining
  • Open Pit
  • Underground

16
Processing
  • Processing varies with the end use of the product
    and targeted consuming industries
  • Site for processing depends on
  • Type of Mine
  • Haulage Distance
  • Surface Topography
  • Processing involves
  • Sawing
  • Crushing
  • Screening

17
Marketing
  • Marking is influence by specification
    requirements
  • Specification differ from companies to companies
    even though they may produce the same product
  • Market price depends on the supplier ability to
    price the product on its value to customer but
    not the base on cost of production
  • Adding value involves strong commitment to
    research, development and corporate support from
    start of mining and followed by technical support

18
Uses
  • the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide) and
    slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
  • cement and mortar
  • pulverized limestone is used as a soil
    conditioner to neutralize acid soil conditions
  • crushed for use as aggregate - the solid base for
    many roads
  • geological formations of limestone are among the
    best petroleum reservoirs
  • as a reagent in desulfurizations
  • glass making
  • toothpaste

19
Conclusion
  • Limestone and dolomite have been and continue to
    be one of the most important raw materials in the
    United States and the world
  • Limestone is a carbonate and sedimentary rock
  • Limestone of economic importance are biologically
    derived form seawater and accumulated in
    relatively shallow marine environment.
  • Market price depends on the supplier ability to
    price the product on its value to customer but
    not the base on cost of production
  • Demand of limestone and dolomite is expected to
    grow at an average annual rate of about 2.0 to
    2.5
  • In 2002, about 1.6 billion tone were produced in
    the United States (Freas et al, 200).

20
Reference
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageLimestoneshale7
    342.jpg February 8th 2007
  • file///I/SME--ONLINE20DIGITAL20LIBRARY20SURFA
    CE20MINING,202ND20EDITION.htm February 8th
    2007
  • http//www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/expert/lim
    estone.htm February 8th 2007
  • Kogel, E. J., Trivedi, C. N., Barker, M. J., and
    Krukowski, T. S., 2006, Industrial Minerals and
    Rock Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
    Exploration, v.1, p. 581-597, ISBN
    0-87335-233-5/978-0-87335-233-8
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