History of Music

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History of Music

• Lecture III
• Baroque Music

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Baroque

• Music So far
• Pre-historic
• Beginning instruments
• Ancient
• Refined instruments
• Written notation
• Modes
• Vocals (poems, plays, etc.)

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Baroque

• Music So far
• medieval
• Polyphony
• Musical notation
• Secular music
• Renaissance
• Increased polyphony (2 6 voices)
• Instrumental music

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Baroque

• Music So far
• So in 57,600 years (56,000 1600), weve
• Started music
• Made and refined instruments
• Originated musical notation
• started early polyphony
• Created music for musics sake

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Baroque

• Lets look at it this way

56,000 bce
today
1 ce
1600 ce
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Baroque

• So whats next?
• Between 1600 until today (400 years), well go
  from
• to

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Baroque

• Thats a lot of change!!
• (for a short period of time)

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Baroque

• 1600 - 1750
• Whats happening?
• American colonies formed
• Salem witch trials
• Galileo, newton, kepler begin to redefine the way
  the universe works
• Many aspects of culture become very ornate and
  frilly
• Church tries to appeal to the public
• Counterreformation

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Vocabulary

• ornate
• something that is elaborate or with a lot of
  ornament
• Fancy, flashy or showy
• Baroque music was very ornate

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art
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Dress
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architecture
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music
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Quick Questions

• When did the baroque period occur?
• 1600 - 1750 CE
• 2. What was a common quality of baroque art,
  architecture, and music?
• very ornate

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Baroque

• Changes to music
• Music becomes increasingly ornate to match the
  cultural trend
• Fast moving
• Expresses emotion
• Ancient emotion (catharsis!)
• Medieval no emotion
• Renaissance some emotion

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Baroque

• Changes to music
• Music becomes increasingly ornate to match the
  cultural trend
• Complex polyphony homophony
• Multiple melodies at once
• Skips (vs. steps)
• Very technical
• Beginning use of chords Trills

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Vocabulary

• Chord
• Three or more pitches played simultaneously
• Harmony (homophonic)
• See basso continuo later

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Vocabulary

• trill
• Alternating between two notes quickly
• Vibrato or warble

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Vocabulary

• Ornate
• Chord
• trill

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Quick Questions

• What is the difference between how a chord and a
  trill are played?
• the notes in a chord are played all at once
• the notes in a trill are played quickly one
  after another

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Baroque

• Changes to music
• Music begins to use improvisation

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Vocabulary

• Improvisation
• im-prä-v?-za-sh?n
• music or singing that is made or created without
  planning
• Composers create loose harmonic and melodic
  structures
• Musicians could create new variations while
  performing
• basso continuo

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Vocabulary

• Basso continuo
• Also known as
• Continuo
• Figured bass
• A bass part (chords) written out as accompaniment
• Normally only written as a number
• Allows for improvisation

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Vocabulary

• Ornate
• Chord
• Trill
• improvisation
• Basso continuo

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Baroque

• Form/texture
• homophonic!
• Use of basso continuo chords
• Creates harmony
• Also allows for musicians to express themselves
  through improvisation

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Baroque

• Form/texture
• polyphonic
• many sounds
• Two or more melodic lines of equal interest
  performing at the same time
• Equal interest means they both can compete for
  your attention

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Counterpoint

• multiple melodies
• Sound different when played separately
• Sound harmonious when played together
• Different levels or types of counterpoint

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Counterpoint
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Counterpoint
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Counterpoint
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Counterpoint

• Baroque music is very known for its use of
  counterpoint technique

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Quick Questions

• What is basso continuo?
• a bass part written out with simple numbers that
  creates accompaniment
• 2 what kind of texture is basso continuo?
• homophonic

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Quick Questions

• What is a common type of polyphonic technique
  used in baroque music?
• counterpoint
• 4. What is improvisation?
• music or singing that is made or created
  without planning

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Baroque

• Listening exercise
• Handels messiah
• Monophony
• Polyphony
• homophony

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Baroque

• Listening exercise
• bachs Little Fugue in G-Minor
• Multiple voices
• Repetition and imitation (polyphony)
• counterpoint

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Baroque

• Major changes
• Increased homophony polyphony
• Vocal music
• Creation of opera
• Beginning of symphony
• Suite
• Sonata
• Concerto
• instruments

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Baroque

• Types of vocal music
• Recitative
• Half sung - half spoken
• Aria
• Very expressive vocal solo
• showed the skills of the singer

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Baroque

• Forms of vocal music
• Oratorio
• Cantata

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Baroque

• Forms of vocal music
• Oratorio
• LIKE A RELIGIOUS OPERA
• Sacred music
• NO COSTUMES OR SCENERY
• VOCALS ORCHESTRA/ENSEMBLE

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Baroque

• Forms of vocal music
• Cantata
• Normally a solo voice accompanied by a small
  ensemble of instruments
• Two types of vocal music
• chamber cantata (secular)
• church cantata (sacred)

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Baroque

• Listening exercise
• Bach cantata
• Homophony
• Choir
• instruments

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Baroque

• oratario
• Multiple voices
• Orchestra or large ensemble
• strictly sacred

• Cantata
• Single voice
• small ensemble of instruments
• Both secular and sacred

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Quick Questions

• What is an oratorio?
• a sacred vocal piece like an opera accompanied
  by a lot of instruments
• 2. What is a cantata?
• a secular or sacred solo vocal piece accompanied
  by a small number of instruments

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Baroque

• Creation of opera
• Combination of drama and music
• Theater Shakespeare, marlowe, and racine
• Vocals with instrumental accompaniment
• Music is essential
• Unlike a modern score, etc.

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Baroque

• Creation of opera
• Early opera
• Originally tried to recapture dramas of greeks
  and romans
• Originally began in italy
• Earliest formal opera
• LOrfeo (1607)
• Claudio Monteverdi (1566 1650)

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Baroque

• Creation of opera
• Libretto
• The script that is sung in an opera
• Two types
• Recitative
• Half sung-half spoken
• Aria
• Very expressive vocal solo
• Usually showed the skills of the singer

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Baroque

• Creation of opera
• growth of opera
• Starts in italy
• Spreads throughout europe
• France
• Germany
• England
• Later forms
• Opera seria (serious opera)
• Opera buffa (comic opera)

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Baroque

• Famous operas
• Richard wagner
• Parsifal
• Tristan and isolde
• tannhauser
• The ring cycle (the ring of the nibelung)
• Ride of the valkeries

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Baroque

• Famous operas
• Mozart
• The magic flute
• Don Giovanni
• The Marriage of figaro
• Gioacchino Antonio Rossini
• Barber of seville
• William Tell

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Baroque

• Famous operas
• guiseppe verdi
• Aida
• La Traviata
• Giacomo Puccini
• La Boheme
• Madame Butterfly

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Quick Questions

• What did opera combine?
• drama and music
• 2. Who wrote the first formal opera?
• claudio monteverdi

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Quick Questions

• 3. What was the name of monteverdis 1st opera?
• lorfeo
• 4. What is the libretto?
• the script that is sung

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Quick Questions

• Name a famous opera.
• Name a famous composer who wrote an opera.
• 7. Give a plot detail from an opera.

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Baroque

• Major changes
• Increased homophony polyphony
• Vocal music
• Creation of opera
• Beginning of symphony
• Suite
• Sonata
• Concerto
• instruments

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Baroque

• musicians still working for patrons
• Church
• Wealthy families
• royalty
• Limits the composers creativity

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Baroque

• Beginning of symphony
• Suite
• Sonata
• Concerto
• instruments

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Baroque

• Instrumental music
• Form
• Longer pieces of music
• Drama ornamentation
• Contrasting sections
• Growing number of instruments
• More voices
• Solo instruments

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Baroque

• Suite
• Many instruments
• Made up of music for different
• Dances
• Normally four basic movements
• Allemande
• Courante
• Sarabande
• Gigue
• Contrast between fast slow movements

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Baroque

• Suite
• famous examples/composers
• Handel
• Water music
• Music for the Royal fireworks

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Baroque

• Sonata
• Similar to suite
• Normally 3 -4 movements
• Contrast between fast slow
• Slow fast slow fast
• Instruments
• Small groups of instruments at first
• Later, solo instruments

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Baroque

• sonatas
• Famous examples/composers
• Bachs sonatas
• Handel
• Vivaldi
• scarlatti

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Baroque

• Concerto
• 3 movements
• Fast slow fast
• Solo instrument Orchestra
• Concerto grosso
• Small group of instruments orch.

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Baroque

• Concerto
• Famous Examples/composers
• Bachs Brandenburg Concertos
• Vivaldi
• Handel
• telemann

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Quick Questions

• Which form of instrumental music was made up of
  dances?
• suite
• 2. Which form later focused on a solo instrument?
• sonata

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Baroque

• Early orchestra
• Smaller in scale than the modern orchestra
• Musical scores adjusted to accommodate the number
  of players available
• Mainly string players
• Woodwinds usually played same notes as strings
• Sometimes woodwinds and brass were given short
  part for color contrast

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Baroque

• Instruments
• Percussion
• Strings
• Brass
• woodwinds

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Baroque

• Percussion
• Tympani
• Singular Tympano
• Also known as Kettledrum
• Head is struck with a mallet
• Tunable
• Pitch can be controlled with a pedal
• Normally 4 different sized tympani

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tympani
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Baroque

• Strings
• Lute
• Violin
• Viola
• Violoncello
• Contrabass
• Harp
• Harpsichord

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Baroque

• Strings
• Lute
• One of the most ancient instruments
• Egypt, Greek, Rome, etc.
• Enters medieval Europe from Arabic culture
• aud
• plucked by a plectrum
• four pairs of strings

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Baroque

• Strings
• Lute
• Flat soundboard
• Deep lightweight pear-shaped body
• Made by bending narrow strips of wood (ribs) and
  gluing them side by side
• Seven to ten frets
• Six pairs of strings run
• Tuned in unison (higher strings)
• Tuned in octave (lower strings)
• Typical Renaissance tuning G/C/F/A/D/G

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Lute
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Lute
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Baroque

• Strings
• Lute
• The player's right-hand fingers pluck the strings
• Left hand fretted (stopped) the strings
• With the baroque era, the lute acquired
  additional bass strings (usually four)
• These strings were not fretted with the fingers
• Were tuned in descending steps F/E/D/C

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Lute
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Lute
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Baroque

• Strings
• Violin Family
• Violin
• Viola
• Violoncello
• Contrabass
• unfretted
• Bowed

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Violin Family
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Baroque

• Strings
• Violin Family
• principal instruments of ensembles/orchestras
• Allows composers to create music that showed
  great skill
• Violin reached its highest point during Baroque
  period

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Baroque

• Strings
• Violin Family
• Best violins in the world today were made in
  baroque era
• Cremona (northern Italy)
• Stradivari
• Guarneri

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Baroque

• Strings
• Harp
• Also an ancient instrument (Sumeria)
• Modern orchestral harp has 46 strings
• 6 ½ octaves
• To produce accidentals uses a system of seven
  double-action pedals
• Each pedal controls one string in every octave
• Tuned to the C-flat scale
• When a pedal is depressed one notch, raises a
  half step,
• Two notches raises a whole step

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Harp
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Baroque

• Strings
• Harpsichord
• Strings are plucked (not struck)
• Both solo and accompaniment
• Reached peak of use in Baroque era
• Good for Counterpoint
• died out with the Baroque era

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Baroque

• Strings
• Harpsichord
• Shaped like a grand piano
• Much narrower, longer
• Two sets of keyboards (manuals)
• Strings are all plucked with same volume
• Not very expressive
• Gives way to the pianoforte (classical)

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Harpsichord
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Baroque

• Woodwinds
• Recorder
• Oboe
• Bassoon

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Baroque

• Woodwinds
• Baroque woodwinds were all made of wood
• Even the flute
• Had few or no keys
• Sounded softer than their modern versions

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Woodwinds
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Baroque

• Brass
• Trumpet
• French horn
• Sackbut
• Trombone

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Baroque

• Brass
• "natural" trumpets and horns
• Had no valves
• No valves until nineteenth century
• Technical limitations
• Used essentially for orchestral color
• Not a lot of variety with pitches

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brass
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brass
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Quick Questions

• Name 1 instrument from each of the 4 families of
  instruments.
• 2. True or False the piano was very popular in
  the Baroque era.
• false