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The Writing Process

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Title: The Writing Process


1
The Writing Process
From Idea
To Paper
2
GETTING STARTED
  • Your Writing Ritual
  • Set aside dedicated time - get to work!
  • A place of your own
  • Organize supplies
  • I am a writer!
  • Keep a journal

Start
3
The Writing Process
4
Unity
5
ORGANIZING
  • From general to particular
  • From particular to general
  • Chronologically - time
  • Spatially - physical
  • From one extreme to another

6
PREWRITING
  • Thinking - explore your topic
  • Reading - surf the net or find an article
  • Freewrite - spin off into your own thoughts
  • Brainstorm - by list or cluster
  • ? - Who, What, When, Where, Why, How
  • Discuss your ideas with anyone who listens

7
PLANNING
  • Example
  • Subject The rising cost of tuition
  • Purpose To inform
  • Audience Taxpayers and college students

8
PLANNING
  • What is your subject?
  • Enjoy your topic!
  • What is your purpose?
  • Know your reason!
  • Who is your audience?
  • Think of the reader!

9
WRITING THE TOPIC SENTENCE
10
The Topic Sentence
  • First Draft
  • I have many friends.
  • Overall, going to movies is a lot of fun.
  • Buying a car is not fun.
  • A high, wooded ridge overlooks my hometown.
  • Revised Draft
  • Sean and Karen are two of my very different
    friends.
  • I love movies, but some types are definitely
    better.
  • Buying a new car takes thought and planning.
  • A high, wooded ridge that overlooks my hometown
    is my favorite place.

11
Development - Details
  • Specific and Concrete
  • The riverwith its many ripples, the colorful
    sunset, and the city with lots of tall buildings.
  • Huge clouds change from pink to purple to red
    when the sun goes down behind them.

12
Developing Details
  • Who? I like to be by myself.
  • What? rowboats, sailboats, motorboats, freight
    liners. I like sailboats best because I love
    to sail against car lights in the distance.
  • When? Sunset pink and purple light at dusk
    headlights streaming through the darkness
  • Where? outside the city above the city, people
    in the city dont know I am watching
  • Why? the scent of honeysuckle on a summer day
    birds building nests, scolding other birds
  • How? peaceful, quietI can think out my
    problems

13
Organization - Rhetorical Strategies
  • Chronology/Sequence
  • Narrative
  • Process
  • Comparison/Contrast
  • Description
  • Listing
  • Cause and Effect

14
Revising
  • First Draft
  • I have many friends.
  • Revised Draft
  • Sean and Karen are two of my very different
    friends.

15
Organization - Reorganize
  • This is convenient because its at the beginning
    of the Riverwalk.
  • Hours later, I walk back to my car and think of
    the day I can return.
  • I always eat at my favorite Mexican restaurant
    first.
  • Whenever I visit San Antonio, my hometown, I
    always go to the Riverwalk.
  • I usually end my journey near a road that will
    lead me to the Alamo.
  • I always park at the end with the newest hotels
    and mall.
  • I then walk down the paths, stopping in all of
    the unique shops.
  • I always stop here because it is a wonderful
    historical monument.
  • This way I can spend hours just walking along the
    beautiful paths and stopping in my favorite
    places.

16
Rewriting for Vitality
  • At Ozzfest, a pile of bands sang their way
    through their inner children.
  • His smile beamed everywhere in the large room, as
    if his teeth were unbelievably shiny.
  • Martina Hingis, a shrinking star who has become
    as vulnerable as a sitting duck.
  • He was older than the hills now and likely to
    make his century.

17
Rewriting for Vitality
  • Svetlana Ivanova, a 57-year old pensioner with a
    mind made up like a drum-tight thing.
  • They were foragers and gatherers, can redeemers,
    the people who swayed through subway cars with
    paper cups.
  • How much cooler it is to save the world from the
    Nazis than fret over the Nasdaq.
  • Sister Grace believed the proof of Gods
    creativity came from the fact that you could
    not surmise the life, even remotely, of his
    humblest shut-ins.

18
Authors Word Choices
19
Coherence
  • Does everything stick together?
  • Is the paragraph smooth, not choppy?
  • Do you move your reader logically from thought to
    thought?

20
Coherence
  • Transitions
  • Repeated Words
  • Synonyms
  • Pronouns

21
Some Common Transitions
  • Addition moreover, further, furthermore,
    besides, and, and then, likewise, also, nor, too,
    again, in addition, next, first, second, third,
    finally, last
  • Comparison similarly, likewise, in like manner
  • Contrast but, yet, and yet, however, still,
    nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary,
    after all, in contrast, at the same time,
    otherwise
  • Emphasis in fact, indeed, to tell the truth, in
    any event, after all, actually, of course

22
Some Common Transitions
  • Example for example, for instance, in this case
  • Place here, there, beyond, nearby, opposite,
    adjacent to, near to this end, for this purpose,
    with this objective
  • Purpose to this end, for this purpose, with this
    objective
  • Result hence, therefore, accordingly,
    consequently, thus, as a result, then, so

23
Some Common Transitions
  • Summary to conclude, to sum up, to summarize, in
    brief, on the whole, in sum, in short, as I have
    said, in other words, that is (use sparingly if
    at all)
  • Time meanwhile, at length, immediately, soon,
    after a few days, now, in the meantime,
    afterward, later, then, sometimes, (at) other
    times, still

24
Effective Repetition
  • Can help bind the sentences together
  • Helps guide readers through your idea
  • Too much repetition is boring
  • Repeated sounds can be interesting
  • Why I Write - Joan Didion as borrowed from
    George Orwell

25
Synonyms
  • Synonyms are words that have identical or similar
    meaning
  • Can link your sentences
  • Can help you avoid needless repetition
  • Can add variety and interest
  • A thesaurus and dictionary are key tools
  • Develop your vocabulary

26
Pronouns
  • Pronouns stand in for person, place, thing,
    state, or quality
  • First, second, third person
  • Singular or plural
  • Agreement is essential
  • Link ideas and set a faster pace

27
Editing Checklist
  • Sentences
  • Does each have a main subject and verb?
  • Do all subjects and verbs agree?
  • Do all pronouns agree with their nouns?
  • Are modifiers as close as possible to the words
    they modify?
  • Punctuation and Mechanics
  • Are sentences punctuated correctly?
  • Are words capitalized properly?
  • Word Choice and Spelling
  • Are words used and spelled correctly?

28
Potential Errors to Address
29
DRAFTING
  • A high, wooded ridge overlooks my hometown. I can
    sit up there and see the river, the sunset, and
    the city. The sun shines like fire, and then the
    sun is gone behind the ridge. I love the river
    best, I can always see the river. I see rowboats,
    sailboats, motorboats, and freight liners. I have
    always liked to sail. My next favorite view is
    the sunset. Some nights the sunset is really
    beautiful. There are huge clouds when the sun
    goes down behind them. When it gets dark, I can
    see the headlights of the cars moving through the
    city streets. I bet people dont realize theyre
    being watched. The headlights follow the street
    lights. When I am up high above the city, I get
    lost in my dreams. All my troubles melt away. I
    just look around this place, think about this
    places beauty, and feel good --automatically.

30
Revised Draft
A high, wooded ridge that overlooks my hometown
is my favorite place. I can sit up there and see
the river with its many ripples, the colorful
sunset, and the city with lots of tall buildings.
The sun shines like fire, and then the sun is
gone behind the ridge. I love the river best, I
can always see the river. I watch different kinds
of boats on the river. I see rowboats, sailboats,
motorboats, and freight liners. The boats look
like toys because I am up so high. I have always
liked to sail. My next favorite view is the
sunset. Some nights the sunset is really
beautiful. There are huge clouds that change from
pink to purple to red when the sun goes down
behind them. Sometimes I think of a kaleidoscope,
and other times I think of a color wheel that
spins in slow motion.When it gets dark, I can see
31
Revised Draft
I can see the headlights of the cars moving
through the city streets. I bet people dont
realize theyre being watched. The bright
headlights follow the street lights as if the
street lights are showing the cars where to go.
When I am up high above the city, I get lost in
my dreams, and time doesnt exist. All my
troubles homework and family problems melt away.
I just look around this place, think about this
places beauty, and feel good --automatically. Wh
at other editing could improve this paragraph?
32
Rewrite a Revised Paragraph
33
Draft a New Paragraph L-218
  • Describe the Computer Lab
  • Explain its purpose
  • Personalize its cause and effect 1st Person
  • Incorporate a metaphor as to its value

34
No Boundaries
  • Within these white walls, thirty computers
    carve their way into writers psyches. I watch my
    peers, as helpless as baby hummingbirds awaiting
    Mommys masticated food, and Im struck by
    inspiration. My mind and my computers magnitude
    lift me beyond these confines. I digest the
    alphabet as nutrition and write on and on and on.

35
RESEARCH REPORT
  • Multi-Media Research
  • A character assessment of someone who is
    accessible within a wide range of mediums, whose
    controversies you will analyze for synthesis

36
Sources
  • Primary -- autobiography, memoir, on-line chat
    dialogue, interviews, authored articles and
    personal web site
  • Secondary -- biography, magazine articles, MTV,
    VH1, A E Biography, TV, video, news clips,
    documentary, web sources
  • Photographs -- official, candid, paparazzi

37
Internet Sites to begin your search
  • 1. teacher.scholastic.com (for guidelines)
  • 2. Biography Magazine
  • 3. biography.com
  • 4. amillionlives.com (Lives, the Biography
    Source)
  • 5. salon.com
  • 6. Encarta Reference Library
  • 7. A E Biography
  • 8. Amazon.com

38
  • Research Reports Purpose
  • Evaluate at least seven different mediums to
    determine three to five controversies and
    discrepancies about this person. Using critical
    thinking skills, argue for your synthesis of
    his/her character.

39
Research Organizing Process
  • Use 3 x 5 index cards, one idea per card
  • Create a Works Cited card, filling in an MLA
    style entry. Number the card and circle it.
  • Write one idea per card, titling and numbering
    each card next to the circled number.
  • At the lower right, cite the page number, if
    appropriate.

40
Research Writing Process
  • Sort your index cards titles into stacks.
  • Place stacks in logical rhetorical order(s), such
    as chronology, cause and effect, process,
    comparison/contrast, listing, and/or description.
  • Look for holes in research to find more info.
  • Design an informal outline, if necessary.
  • Write your rough draft. Revise. Edit. Smile!

41
Final Research Report
  • Staple, no folder
  • Title Page
  • Seven pages of research, double spaced, 12 point
    font, readable black type
  • Three to five parenthetical notes per page
  • Works Cited page, minimum of seven sources, at
    least two print sources

42
Features of Academic Argument
  • The writer trustworthy, credible, knowledgeable,
    balanced, truthful, fair
  • The audience educated, convinced by reason and
    support, not empty rhetoric
  • The issue and the content concerned with
    situations that generate controversy which
    require reevaluation addressed in writing
    sufficient information for reader to understand
    but not be overwhelmed

43
Features of Academic Argument
  • The purpose characterized by a main point,
    thesis or theme to foster rational understanding
    which should move reader to consider the thesis,
    think about the reasons, and acknowledge that the
    thesis has merit so that readers point of view
    may be modified

44
Features of Academic Argument
  • Support and Evidence compelling reasons,
    appropriate examples, valid analogies, statements
    from credible authorities, accurate statistics,
    and information from reputable works
  • Approach to the topic with complex human nature,
    a qualified approach is wise, using qualifiers
    such as seems or indicates

45
Schedule of Activities
  • Exploration questions, due__________
  • Reading, Summary, and Response, due_________
  • Annotated Works Cited, due__________
  • One paragraph overview, summarizing your position
    that you plan to support, due_________
  • First polished draft, due____________
  • Final draft, due___________

46
Writing Assignment Changing the Law
Purposes
  • To provide development and support for your ideas
  • To demonstrate your understanding of essay
    structures
  • To formulate a thesis concerning a law that you
    think should be changed.
  • To support that thesis with convincing reasons

47
Changing the Law
  • Readings Find at least three short readings that
    you locate online. Make hard copies and save them
    to your floppy.
  • Writing Task Once you have learned as much as
    you can about this law, respond to the following
    question is a well-argued essay
  • To what extent should this law be changed?

48
Background - Changing a Law
  • Choose a federal or local enforced law.
  • Consider your interest and personal experience.
  • Determine why this law needs to be changed.
  • Ask a myriad of questions.
  • When and why was this law passed?
  • Who was for and against its passage?
  • Who is most affected by it? Who benefits from it?
  • What purpose did it serve that is now outdated?
  • What is wrong with it as it stands now?
  • How would society benefit if it were changed?

49
Essay - Changing a Law
  • Academic argument well-reasoned, logic-based
    evidence, balanced
  • Inclusion of a counter-argument
  • Preparation brainstorming, a fact-idea list, and
    a points-to-make list
  • Oriented toward a general academic audience
  • Evaluated according to the courses grading
    rubric
  • Idea suggested by Dr. Irene Clark, CSNU

50
Criteria for a Good Thesis
  • It is arguable -- the kind of statement someone
    can agree or disagree with.
  • It attempts to change someones belief or
    actions.
  • It provides the answer to a specific question or
    the solution to a specific problem
  • It is on a topic that makes a difference to your
    reader.

51
Conducting Research for Argument Papers
  • Facts and Statistics -- books, journals, surveys
  • Relevant Examples -- magazines, interviews
  • Expert Opinions -- books, articles, online
    sources, interviews
  • Analogies - sources you read, experts you
    interview, your imagination
  • Consult MLA or APA Documentation Style for more
    information

52
Types of Argument
  • Fact Exactly what is happening or has happened
    objectively?
  • Value Is something good or bad subjectively?
  • Interpretation What does something mean using
    cultural assumptions?
  • Policy What should be done accordingly?

53
Building Consensus Rather Than
Barriers
  • Consider the values and goals you share with the
    reader.
  • The more you oppose, the more they may resist.
  • Opposition leads to opposition compromise leads
    to compromise.

54
Logical Fallacies
  • False Cause -- Suggesting B was caused by A when
    they may be totally unconnected.
  • False Analogy -- Treating A and B as similar in
    ways they may not be able to be compared.
  • Begging the Question -- Assuming that part of
    what has to be proved is true when that is not
    the case.
  • Either-Or -- Reducing a complex issue to two
    simple alternatives.

55
Logical Fallacies
  • Red Herring -- Introducing an element into the
    argument that has nothing to do with the issue.
  • Oversimplification -- oversimplifying the
    relationship between a cause and effect.
  • Ad Hominem -- Attacking the persons character to
    arouse emotions or prejudice.
  • Hasty Generalization -- Leaping from too little
    evidence to too big an assertion.

56
Three ways to Convince Readers
  • Logos An appeal to the readers reason, based on
    well-structured assertions and solid evidence.
    Facts make sense, so move readers reasonably.
  • Ethos An appeal based on the writers character
    or particular qualities. Authority creates a
    reasonable testimonial.
  • Pathos An appeal to readers emotion. This kind
    of attempt can be tricky as it is subjective.

57
Parenthetical Notes
  • If quoted Deborah Grimes confessed to
    using a handheld phone while driving, thus
    causing the accident. She now advocates that
    cellular phone use in cars should be illegal
    (B63).
  • If paraphrased One driver reported that
    since she caused a car accident due to holding a
    cellular phone, she now supports banning handheld
    phone use while driving (Marsden J1).

58
Works Cited (MLA Style)
  • Aronson, Ronald. Phone Use in Cars. OPLE
    Online. 23 Dec. 1999.
    lthttp//www.ople/tv/.com/ople/1999/2146- drivinggt
    . 12 Mar. 2001.
  • Grimes, Deborah. Banning Phones From Drivers .
    Washington Post 13 Jan. 2002 B63.
  • Marsden, Joan. Cellular Phone Accidents.
  • Atlanta Journal-Constitution 10Oct. 2002 J1
  • Wendell, John G. Fatal Traffic Collisions.
    Accident Analysis and Prevention 30 (2002)
    417-32.

59
Plagiarism
  • Knowing what plagiarism really is will help you
    avoid this immoral, but common, problem. Stealing
    anothers property is unethical and can result in
    severe penaltiesloss of reputation, failure, and
    expulsion.
  • Plagiarism is the act of writing facts,
    quotations, or opinions that you found through an
    external source, but instead of identifying that
    source, you write the information as if it had
    originated from you. This can involve small parts
    or whole papers.

60
Plagiarism
  • Always give credit, whether read, retrieved
    electronically, seen on TV, heard or learned --
    EVEN WHEN YOU PARAPHRASE.
  • Always use quotation marks around the sources
    exact wording and create a parenthetical note.
  • Write your first draft only from your 5X7 note
    cards, with no materials open in front of you.
  • YOU are the author. You have your own style and
    your own right to expressing your well-researched
    opinion. Take advantage of training your brain.

61
  • Paraphrasing
  • Paraphrasing demands full comprehension of the
    idea or information that you wish to incorporate
    into your research.
  • Dangers copying the authors exact wording
    injecting information you dont fully understand
    half-paraphrasing.
  • How? Read passage, cover source, and write
    concept in your own clear style.

62
  • Summary
  • A substantial amount of informative material that
    is condensed, whether, paragraph, chapter, or
    book.
  • Use when you need to address an important idea
    without excessive detail.
  • Use when you need to deal with abstract ideas in
    posing conflicting arguments.

63
  • Integrating Information
  • Take meaningful, well-paraphrased notes. Dont
    just copy huge chunks of information, but isolate
    main ideas and major details.
  • Disregard material that becomes irrelevant as
    your argumentative theme becomes clear.
  • As you integrate facts, quotations or opinions
    from outside sources, note appropriate Works
    Cited information.

64
  • Integrating Information
  • Dont burden reader with too many facts and
    quotes.
  • Integrate several sources into each paragraph
    rather than just draw heavily upon one source
    after the other.
  • Integrate information gracefully, preferably
    using the authors name in the sentence at hand.
  • Relate each smaller point to the larger point of
    the paragraph , which in turn, relates to your
    theme.

65
Writing About Literature
  • Could be a summary and your evaluation, but more
    likely. an important idea about the work,
    demonstrating the details which gave you this
    idea.
  • Read the essay, poem or novels text for
    understanding and enjoyment.
  • Keep a Reading Journal to record your
    impressions, noting the style, interesting
    metaphors, emotions evoked, hazy points, etc.

66
Writing About Literature
  • Reread the material for evidence to support your
    idea ABOUT the text quotations, images, plot
    points, sentence/paragraph length, word choice,
    qualities of character, authors life, etc.
  • Organize your assignment, deciding upon the
    points youve chosen for a theme and the best
    rhetorical strategy to present them.

67
Writing About Literature
  • Do not think of this as a book report,
    retelling the events, but as your opportunity to
    express your opinion about the material.
  • Organize your assignment, deciding upon the
    points youve chosen for a theme and the best
    rhetorical strategy to present them.
  • Only include information about the authors life
    as it supports your theme.

68
Writing About Literature
  • When using details from the reading, explain how
    or why they stimulated your thinking toward this
    theme.
  • Minimize the number of quotations and keep them
    to less than five lines.Clarify the speaker,
    whether author or character, and what importance
    this quote adds to the paragraph and your theme.
  • Cite page number as a parenthetical note.

69
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