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Religion

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Time & Motion Studies. Piece-Rate Payment System. Managers/Supervisors to ... The Hawthorne studies. Elton Mayo, Frederick Roethlisberger, William Dixon ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Religion


1
Religion
  • That institution in society that helps people
    adjust to those things that are both undesirable
    and inescapable.

2
Definitions Key Elements
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Religion is
  • a unified system of beliefs and practices
    relative to sacred things ...
  • which unites into one single moral community
    called a church all those who adhere to them
  • Symbols
  • Signs to which we attach generalized meaning
  • A vehicle for the conception of meanings

3
Definitions Key Elements
  • Binary Opposition
  • Normal/Deviant
  • Good/Evil
  • Sacred and Profane
  • Sacred
  • Things set apart, forbidden
  • Awe Reverence
  • Profane
  • All that is not sacred
  • The mundane, every day aspects of life

4
Definitions Key Elements
  • Ritual
  • Required Practices
  • Forbidden Acts
  • Shared Beliefs
  • Purpose Meaning of Existence
  • Commonly-held moral code

5
Sociological Conceptions of Religion
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Solidarity
  • Social Integration
  • Moral Regulation
  • The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912)
  • Totemic Society Religion
  • When a society worships its god, it is
    worshipping itself

6
Sociological Conceptions of Religion
  • Karl Marx
  • Mode of Production ? Relations of Production ?
  • Superstructure
  • Family, Religion, the State, Education, Culture
  • Reproduce
  • Legitimate
  • Religion is the Opiate of the Masses

7
Sociological Conceptions of Religion
  • Max Weber
  • The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
  • Life as a calling in service to God
  • Asceticism
  • Calvinism Predestination
  • Search for signs of election
  • Culture/Religion ? Capitalism
  • Habits of thought action
  • Formal rationality hard work, self-denial
  • Accumulation of wealth

8
Formal Rationality Bureaucracy
  • Organizations as Cultural Carriers
  • Formal Rationality as key cultural development of
    modern age
  • Calculability
  • Efficiency
  • Predictability
  • Maximum Control
  • Rise of Bureaucracy

9
Ideal-Typical Bureaucracy
  • Break down all tasks into a series of specialized
    tasks (aka offices)
  • Power resides in the office, not the person
  • Hierarchy of command
  • Power flows downward
  • Officials pursue a career in the organization
  • Are full-time employees
  • Universalistic v. Particularistic Criteria

10
Ideal-Typical Bureaucracy
  • Work is organized by documents, stored in files
  • Impersonal conduct of work
  • Exhaustive rules

11
Advantages of Bureaucracy
  • Efficient, predictable organization of tasks
  • Effective means to an end
  • Clear delineation of authority responsibility
  • Equality of opportunity
  • All ideally

12
Disadvantages of Bureaucracy
  • Impersonality
  • Can trump humanity
  • Can protect incompetence
  • Goal displacement
  • Misplaced authority
  • Challenger
  • BART

13
Scientific Management
  • Frederick W. Taylor
  • Attempt to apply principles of formal rationality
    to all industrial production
  • Time Motion Studies
  • Piece-Rate Payment System
  • Managers/Supervisors to
  • Coordinate monitor production
  • Worker criticisms

14
Human Relations Management
  • Testing Taylorism (scientific management)
  • The Human Factor
  • The Hawthorne studies
  • Elton Mayo, Frederick Roethlisberger, William
    Dixon
  • The lighting experiment
  • The bank-wiring experiment
  • Humans control the production process
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