PLANTRELATED TOXICOSES

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PLANT-RELATED TOXICOSES
PLANT TOXINS SECONDARY PRODUCTS OF PLANT
METABOLISM NOT ESSENTIAL TO PLANT GROWTH
ARE BITTER VARY IN STRUCTURE
and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2
TOXIC PRINCIPLES IN MAJOR TOXIC PLANTS 1.
ALKALOIDS - THOUSANDS OF ALKALOIDS ARE
KNOWN - BITTER TASTE, WATER INSOLUBLE 2.
GLYCOSIDES - BITTER, COLORLESS,
NONCRYSTALLINE CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
CYANIDE CARDIAC
GLYCOSIDES TOXIC TO
ANIMALS
HYDROLYSIS
CARDENOLIDES
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3. NITRATES WATER SOLUBLE PRESENTS IN
PLANTS 4. OXALATES Cal OXALATE
INSOLUBLE NEEDLE-LIKE CRYSTALS SOLU
BLE OXALATE Na, K SALTS IN PLANT TISSUES
5. TOXALBUMINS GLYCOPROTEIN HIGHLY
TOXIC
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???????????????????????? ?
I PLANTS AFFECTING THE BLOOD 1. HEMATOPOIETIC
DEPRESSION ??????
????????????? ???????????????
(??????????? ??????????? ????? 40-80) 2.
HEMOLYSIS ???????? ALLIUM ???? ONIONS,
GARLIC ???????????? N-PROPYL
DISULFIDE DENATURE HEMOGLOBIN
HEMOLYSIS ?????? MUSTARDS (?????)
METHYL SULFOXIDE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
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3. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA ??????????????????????
NITRATE ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????
??????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??? 4.
CYANIDE TOXICOSIS ??????????????????????
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES ??????? ???????
???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????
? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????
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II PLANTS CAUSING G-I TOXICITY 1.
?????????????????????????????? ????
?????????? ???????? ?????????
?????????? OXALATE ??????? ???? ??????????? ?
?????? ???????????
????????????????????? ????????? ???????
??????????? ANTIHISTAMINE, ATROPINE ???
SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT 2.
???????????????????????????? ????
??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????
??????? ???????????? ??????????????
??????????????????? FLUIDS
????????
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III PLANTS CAUSING CARDIOTOXICITY ???? ?????
(????????????? HEART STIMULANT)
????? (CARDIAC POISON) ?????? ???????? IV
PLANTS CAUSING NEPHROTOXICITY ???? ?????? (PIG
WEED) OAK RHUBARB V NEUROTOXICANTS 1.
CNS STIMULANTS ??? STRYCHNINE ??????????????
??????????? ???????????? ????????????
?????? (??) PICROTOXIN
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2. CNS DEPRESSANT ????? ??????????????
??????? ???????????? 3. ????????
ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECT ????? ? ??????
ATROPINE, HYOSCYAMINE ???????? ???? ?????
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????
????? ???????? ??????????? (BLACK
NIGHTSHADE) ???????????????
????????? ?????????? ???????????
PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS
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PLANT AFFECTING THE BLOOD I METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
???? NITRATES II CYANIDE TOXICOSIS
???? CYANOGENIC
GLYCOSIDES ????????????? ???? ???????
???????? ???? GRAMINEAE ??????????? ??????
??? ????????????????????? ??????????? -
??????? ???????????????? - ??????????? - ????
G-I ????????
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NITRATES, NITRITES
N2 CYCLE (ANIMAL PLANT RELATIONSHIP)
ATMOSPHERIC
N2-FIXING BACTERIA
N2
-
-
NO2
NO3
SOIL
USED BY PLANTS
UREA, NH3
PLANT PROTEIN
METABOLIC WASTE
UTILIZED BY ANIMALS
ANIMAL PROTEIN
CYCLE IS MAINTAINED NO PROBLEMS
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-
-
NO3 NO2 POISONING - PLANTS - FERTILIZERS
(KNO3 , NH4NO3) - WATER RESOURCES NO3 NO2
?????? - ???????????????????? NO2 -
????????????? NO3 ???????????? NITRATE
PLANT PROTEIN
-
-
-
-
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NITRATE REDUCTASE
A.A.
LEAF KNO3
-
NH4
PLANT PROTEIN
NO2
ROOT KNO3
NADPH FAD
NADPH FAD
KETO GLUTARATE
?? NITRITE REDUCTASE LIGHT ENERG
Y NITRATE ACCUMULATION 1. IMPAIRED REDUCTASE
ACTIVITY - LIGHT - REDUCE PHOTOSYNTHESIS -
INADEQUATE NUTRIENTS
DEPENDENT
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2. N2 FERTILIZER 3. STAGE OF MATURITY AND
SPECIES OF PLANTS - IMMATURE PLANTS gtgtgt - ROOT
gt STEM gt LEAVE gt FLOWER gt SEED NO3 ????????
???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????
??????????? ?????????????????????????
NO3 ????????????????????????? ????????
-
-
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TOXICITY NO3 gt1 ????? (DRY WEIGHT) NO3
1500 ppm ????? NO2 TOXIC gtgtgt NO3
?????????????????? ?? TORELATE NO3 ?????????
RUMINANT RUMINANT HERBIVORE ?????? NO3
NO3 ????????? G-I TRACT
-
-
-
-
-
. . .
REDUCE
-
-
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MECHANISM OF ACTION HEMOGLOBIN
METHEMOGLOBIN ??????????????????
O2 ANOXIA
-
-
NO2 NO3
OXIDISE
(Fe3)
(Fe2)
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CLINICAL SIGNS ??????????????????????? ???
30-40 METHEMOGLOBIN ???????? ?????????? ?????
80-90 Hb MET. Hb ????????????
????????? ??????????? ??????????? MUCUS
MEMBRANE ???? CYANOSIS ??????????????????
?????????? ANOXIC CONVULSION ???????? 12-24
???????
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PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ????? ?????????????? ?????????
? ? ?????????? MUCUS MEMBRANE ????
CYANOSIS DIAGNOSIS - METHEMOGLOBINEMIA - ????
NO3, NO2 ???????, URINE, ?????????
(???????????? CYANIDE POISONING)
-
-
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TREATMENT ??????? MET. Hb Hb ANTIDOTE METHYLEN
E BLUE NADPH METHYLENE BLUE
Hb (Fe2) NADP
LEUKOMETHYLENE BLUE MET.
Hb (Fe3) SERVE AS REDUCING AGENT
??? METHYLENE BLUE (2-4) 2
mg/lb ??????????????? ????????????????
(OX)
(RED)
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CYANIDE ??? TOXIC ????????? CN , HCN
(PRUSSIC ACID) ????? ????????? CYANOGENETIC
GLYCOSIDES ?????? - CYANOGENETIC GLYCOSIDES (NO
TOXIC) - ENZYME GLUCOSIDASE HYDROLYSE
GLYCOSIDES FREE HCN ?????? ??????
???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? GLUCOS
IDASE ?? RUMEN
CELLULAR DAMAGE HYDROLYSIS
ENZYME RELEASE
FREE HCN
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??????????? HCN ??? GLYCOSIDES
CN GLUCOSE O C H2O
HYDROXYNITRILE LYASE ALDEHYDE
KETONE FREE HCN
??????? ????????????????????? ??????????? -
GLYCOSIDE ???????????? ?????????????????????????
- ??????????? ??????????? - ????
G-I ????? GLYCOSIDE ??????????????????
GLUCOSIDASE
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MECHANISM OF ACTION CN- ??????????????????
??????????????????? CN- Fe 3 ??
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE CN-CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
COMPLEX O2 Hb ELECTRON TRANSPORT ??
CYTOCHROME SYSTEM ????????? CELLULAR HYPOXIA,
CYTOTOXIC ANOXIA
????????? ??? O2???
BLOCK
OXYHEMOGLOBIN
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??????????????????????????? ??????? ???
OXYGENATED BLOOD (BRIGHT RED) CELLS ???? ?
????? O2 ???????? ???? ????? OXIDATIVE
METABOLISM ??? CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ??? CLINICAL
SIGNS ??????????????????? 2-3 ???? (ACUTE)
???? ????????? URINATION ????????
??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????
? MUCUS MEMBRANE ????????? ???????????????
??????????????
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DIAGNOSIS - ????? ????????????? CYANOGENIC
PLANTS - ?????? CN- ?????? ????? ???
CONTENT TREATMENT (ANTIDOTAL TREATMENT) 1. ???
CN- ?????? CYTOCHROME OXIDASE 2. ??????? CN-
NON-TOXIC FORM EXCRETE
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ANTIDOTE 1. ??? NaNO2 (20 SOLUTION)
OXYHEMOGLOBIN METHEMOGLOBIN CN-
COMPETE CYAN-METHEMOGLOBIN
(NON-TOXIC) 2. ??? SOD. THIOSULFATE (20
SOLUTION) CYAN-METHEMOGLOBIN
THIOCYANATE EXCRETION
URINE
??? lt CN- 200 ????
1 cc NaNO2 3 cc Na THIOSULFATE ?????????? 45
kg
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DETOXIFICATION ????????? CYANIDE THIOSULFATE
THIOCYANATE
URINE ??????????? THIOSULFATE (??????????????
CN- ??????????????????????? ????22
mg/50 kg/hour) ??????????????? CYANIDE gt 200 ppm
TOXIC
NON-TOXIC
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???????????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
CYCASIN (PSEUDOCYANOTIC GLYCOSIDES)
METHANOL HYDROCYANIC ACID (HCN) METHANOL
??? HCN ????????????????????????? TOXIC ???
?????????????????????? ?
????????????? (???)
?????????????? (????)
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?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
??????????? TOXICANTS BLOOD
COLOR NITRATE NITRITE CYANIDE CHERRY
RED CO2 DARK CO BRIGHT
RED CHLORATE BROWN
BROWN
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BACTERIOLOGY PATHOGENIC BACT. - TOXICOLOGY
NITRATE CYANIDE ????????????? (80-85
ppm) 50-75 ppm RUMEN CONTENT 50
ppm BLOOD LIVER 50
ppm KIDNEY 50 ppm
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???????????????????? NITRATE CYANIDE ??????????
???? (?.?.) (80 ppm)
???????????????????? (?.?.)
????????????
????? (?.?.) ?????? ???. ??.
(?.?.) (25 ppm) ?????? ??? ??.
??. (?.?.) (14 ppm)
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CASE REPORT (?. ???????) ??????? ????? 5 ???
?????????????????????????? (6 x 6
????) ??????????????? ????????? ????? 24 ??.
?? 3 ??? ????????????? ????????????
??? ???????????????? ??????????????
?????????? ???????? 35, 45, 60 ??????? ?? 2
??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????????
???????????? ??????????????????? ???????? 10
???????? NECROPSY FINDING ????????????? ????
RUMEN HEMORRHAGE EDEMA ????????????????? ?