Tuberculosis

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Tuberculosis

• Evolution of Transmission and Treatment

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Key Points

• Symptoms
• Interesting Statistics
• History of Transmission
• History of Treatment
• Current Transmission
• Current Treatment
• Concerns
• Conclusions

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Symptoms

• TB can be related to cough, fever, and weight
  loss.
• If untreated, fatal in over 50 of cases.

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Statistics

• Untreated patients infect 10-12 people on a
  yearly basis.
• In 1990, 7.5 million people developed TB, and 2.5
  million died.
• 1/3 of the population of the world has TB.
• TB is the leading cause of death from a single
  infection in adults.

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Statistics Cont.

• 1 in 10 to 1 in 20 of the people infected with TB
  actually get sick.
• TB has been around since prehistoric times
• Found in ancient mummies

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History of Transmission

• Hippocrates
• TB caused by growths in lungs
• Having TB was attractive during the 19th century.
• Pallor, flushed cheeks, emaciation
• Crowded and unclean areas.
• Caused by airborne bacteria
• Discovered in mid 20th century

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History of Treatment

• Patients sometimes mistreated, since the focus
  was on one area.
• Autopsy studies concluded that TB could spread to
  many areas within the body.
• Originally thought to infect the lungs, but can
  spread to other parts of the body.
• Spine, abdominal cavity, and joints

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History of Treatment Cont.

• X-rays used in the 1920s to scan the lungs for
  TB.
• Standard treatment for active TB patients
• Before drugs were available, people went to
  sanitariums/sanatoriums for TB treatment.
• High altitude, fresh air, rest, and food.
• Less advanced TB vs. more advanced TB

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History of Treatment Cont.

• First TB spa founded in the U.S. by Edward
  Livingston Trudeau in 1884.
• Saranac Lake in New Yorks Adirondak Mtns.
• Trudeau had TB himself
• India
• Sadness, fasting, pregnancy, and exhaustion
  thought to be causes of TB
• Further study breakthrough by Robert Koch.
• Isolated TB bacteria in 1882

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History of Treatment Cont.

• Pneumothorax treatment.
• Lung collapsed in order to let it rest
• Villemin, 1865, established that the disease was
  infectious.
• Rabbit experiment
• Trouble with medication.
• Workers hired to be sure medication was taken

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Current Transmission

• Rampant in underdeveloped areas.
• Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
• Crowded and unsanitary conditions
• Transmission has decreased significantly, but
  could possibly increase.
• Increasing world population

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Current Transmission Cont.

• Airborne Transmission
• Hospitals
• Drying droplets
• HIV victims can have TB transmitted to them very
  easily.
• Weakened immune systems due to HIV

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Current Treatments

• U.S. Public Health Service
• Grants
• Voluntary health groups
• Reporting systems
• Vaccinations
• Chemotherapy
• Surgeons resorting to old methods of treating TB.
• Removal of parts to treat cases that do not
  respond to drugs.

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Concerns

• TB becoming harder and harder to treat.
• Drug-resistant strains of TB are developing over
  time.
• Risk of TB in people with weakened immune
  systems, such as AIDS patients.
• Absence of national TB programs in undeveloped
  countries.

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Concerns Cont.

• Epidemic could possibly worsen
• TB incident rates are expected to rise in HIV
  common areas.
• Famine, war, and natural disasters create
  populations of malnourished people, along with
  terrible living conditions
• Serious commitment must be made by all to
  strengthen control programs

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Unanswered questions

• More ways in which TB is currently transferred?
• Are there any TB spas used in the world today?

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Conclusion

• TB has been in existence since ancient times
• Different treatments were used long ago.
• Some successful, some not
• TB is still a great concern to this day.
• Transmission a great concern.
• Current treatments available that are sufficient,
  but for how long?
• Countries worldwide need to take part in the
  prevention of future TB outbreaks

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