Deaths and death rates for the 10 leading causes of death in specified age groups: USA, 1999 (Rates per 100,000)

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Deaths and death rates for the 10 leading causes
of death in specified age groups USA, 1999
(Rates per 100,000)

• All causes 2,391,399  877.0 
• Diseases of heart 725,192  265.9 
• Malignant neoplasms 549,838  201.6 
• Cerebrovascular diseases 167,366  61.4 
• Chronic lower respiratory dis 124,181  45.5 
• Accidentsunintentional injuries 89,703 
  34.1 
• Diabetes mellitus 68,399  25.1 
• Influenza and pneumonia 63,730  23.4 
• Alzheimer's disease 44,536  16.3 
• Nephritisand nephrosis 35,525  13.0 
• Septicemia 30,680  11.3 
• All other causes (Residual)  484,092 177.5 

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• Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci
• Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis
  

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Aerobic, Gram-positive rodsBacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus Lactobacillus sp. Listeria
monocytogenes Nocardia sp. Erysipelothrix
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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• Aerobic, Gram-negative rods
• Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
• Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
• Acinetobacter baumannii (really A. calcoaceticus)
  
• Bordetella pertussis
• Brucella sp. Campylobacter sp.
• Francisella tularensis
• Haemophilus ducreyi
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Helicobacter pylori

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• Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-
  negative rods)
• Enterobacter sp.
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Proteus sp.
• Salmonella enteriditis
• Salmonella typhi
• Serratia marcescens
• Shigella sp.
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Yersinia pestis

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• Bacteria which cannot or are difficult to Gram
  stain
• Borrelia burgdorferi , Borrelia recurrentis
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia sp.
• Legionella sp. , Leptospira sp.
• Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
  Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium
  intracellulare
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Rickettsia rickettsii
• Treponema pallidum

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• Medical Microbiology
• Microbes are the most significant life form
  sharing this planet with humans because of their
  pervasive presence and their utilization of any
  available food source, including humans whose
  defenses may be breached.
• Microbial diseases are frequent and often severe,
  e.g. AIDS, cholera, tuberculosis, rabies. The
  ubiquitous presence of microbes and heir
  astronomic numbers give rise to the many
  mutants that account for rapid evolutionary
  adaptation and in part for emerging diseases
  such as AIDS, ebolla and antibiotic-resistant
  tuberculosis.

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• This adaptability also accounts for the ability
  of microbes to utilize an enormous range of
  nutritional sources. MO may have either
  beneficial roles in maintaining life or
  undesirable roles in causing human, animals and
  plant disease.
•       Beneficial roles of microbes include
  recycling of organic matter through
  microbe-induced decay and through digestion and
  nutrition in animals and humans. In addition, the
  natural microbial flora provides protection
  against more virulent microbes.
•    While microbes that cause infectious
  diseases are virulent, opportunistic diseases may
  also be caused by normally benign microbes.
  Opportunistic infections occur when the host
  defense mechanisms are impaired, microbes are
  present in large numbers, or when microbes reach
  vulnerable body sites. A striking example is HIV
  which impairs the host's defenses to multiple
  microbes.
• Natural selection favors a predominance of less
  virulent MO, except when microbial transmission
  depends on disease manifestations (e.g., coughing
  and sneezing).

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• Teaching plan
• Medical Microbiology begins with a general
  introduction of microorganisms. Followed by
  reviewing immune system, focusing on the body's
  response to invading microorganisms.
• Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of
  topics presenting the general concepts of
  bacterial microbiology and then with lectures
  detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of
  humans.
• Similarly, the course covers virology, mycology,
  and parasitology. In each lesson, the
  introductory will stress the mechanisms of
  infection characteristic of that type of
  microorganism, thus providing a framework for
  understanding rather than memorizing the clinical
  behavior of the pathogens.
• The final part of lecture- Introduction to
  Infectious Diseases, is arranged for clinical
  considerations.

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Chapter 1 History  Chapters 11-14 Immunity Ch 9
Normal flora Ch 19 Host Parasite Interactions,
Virulence Determinants  Mid-EXAM  Ch 20
Antibiotics  Ch 22 Staphylococcus Ch 23
Streptococcus  Ch 24 Enterococcus Ch
25 Bacillus Ch 26 Corynebacterium Listeria and
Erysiphelothrix Ch 27 Neisseria Ch 28
Enterobacteria Ch 29 vibrio Ch 30 Pseudomonas  
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• Mid-term examine
• 1.     Briefly discuss the worldwide prevalence
  of the parasitic infections.
• 2.     How do you deal with anthrax threat?
• 3.     Give an example of treatment for viral
  diseases.
• 4.     Why and how infectious disease changes its
  pattern?
• 5.     Which is most efficient way for a microbe
  to generate its energy? (ATP yield)
• 6.     Use specific examples to explain the
  mechanism of bacterial gene regulation.
• 7.     What is the mechanism for control
  gram-positive and gram- negative bacterial
  infection?
• 8.     Briefly discuss the ways that bacteria
  influence the apoptosis of host cells.
• 9. 9. How do yeast differ from molds and what
  does the term dimorphism mean when it is applied
  to fungi?
• 10. Why we have to study epidemiology of
  pathogens? Discuss its basic method.
• B

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Medical Microbiology Lecture I Introduction and
History Communicable Nature of Disease and Germ
Theory a. Hipporcrates and Galen i. poison
vapors and miasmas ii. punishment of the gods
Mode of transmission was difficult to
determine air ,water soil, food insects
Difficult to believe that something that cannot
be seen can cause disease b. Mosaic code I.
restrict movement of diseased individuals Leprosy
ii. avoid ceratin foods pork, shellfish c.
Fracastro (1546) syphilis communicable via
seminara or seeds. origin was supernatural
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Modern examples Legionnaires' toxic shock,
AIDS, cancer d. van Leeuwnehoek (1677) e.
John Hunter (1700's) f. Edward Jenner (1798)
Smallpox-compox vaccination (vacca) g.
Holmes/Semmelweis (1843-1847) Puerperal fever,
Lister surgery carbolic acid h. Louis
Pasteur Spontaneous generation fermentation
attenuation (rabies, anthrax) i. Robert Koch
Postulates agar, pure culture, stains
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Koch's Postulates 1. The specific organism
should be shown to be present in all cases of
animals suffering from a specific disease but
shold not be found in healthy animals. 2. The
specific microorganism should be isolated from
the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on
artificial laboratory media. 3. This freshly
isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a
healthy laboratory animal, should cause the same
disease seen in the original animal. 4. The
microorganism should be reisolated in pure
culture from the experimental infection.
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Immunity Host Defences 1. Innate or
nonspecific a. mechanical b. mucous secretions
c. pH d. lysozyme and other enzymes e.
inflammation f. phagocytic cells g. complement
h. interferon 2. Specific - antigen response
a. antibody production structure of
antibodies characteristics of antibodies
complement fixation tissue location of ab
antibody production (clonal selection, primary,
secondary responses) b. cell mediated immunity
T cells lymphokines, cytotoxins, chemotactic
factors types of infections (T.B., Listeria,
fungal) c. Immunity Active Infection
immunization live, attenuated, killed , cloned
antigens d. Immunity Passive maternal
(fetus, milk), animal, human