Chapter 15 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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Chapter 15FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes,
• uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts

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SPECIALTIES and PRACTITIONERS

• Gynecology (GYN) (gyn/o, gynec/o female)
• Study of organs, hormones and diseases
• Gynecologist
• Obstetrics (OB)
• Care of women during pregnancy and delivery of
  baby
• Obstetrician
• Neonatology (neo new natus born)
• Care of the newborn infant focus on premature
  infants
• Neonatologist
• Pediatrics
• Care of infants and children
• Pediatrician

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
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Anatomy Physiology

• External genitalia
• Structures together make up vulva
• (vulv/o covering)
• Mons pubis and symphysis pubis
• Labia majora and Labia minora
• (labio/ lips)
• Clitoris
• Small erectile organ located at anterior or vulva
• Bartholins glands
• Secrete lubricating substance before intercourse

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EXTERNAL GENITALIA (cont)

• Vagina (vagin/o sheath)
• Opening to uterus
• Located between bladder and rectum
• About 4 inches long
• Highly elastic muscular tube walls stretch
• Perineum
• Area between vagina and anus
• Hymen
• Covering of opening of vagina

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EXTERNAL GENITALIA
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FEMALE GONADS

• Ovaries (2)
• Almond-shaped organs
• Located within the pelvic cavity on either side
  of uterus
• Produce ova female reproductive cells
• Ov/o, o/o egg (ovum singular)
• Process called oogenesis
• Produce female hormones
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Fallopian tubes (2)
• Salping/o tube
• Duct for conveyance of ovum from ovary to uterus
  

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FEMALE GONADS (cont)

• Uterus (uter/o, hyster/o)
• Muscular, hollow, pear-shaped organ
• About the size of a pear
• Provides place for nourishment and development of
  fetus
• Layers
• Myometrium (my/o muscle)
• Muscular layer of uterine wall
• Endometrium
• Mucus membrane lining of uterus
• Body upper portion
• Cervix lower portion (cervic/o neck)
• Fundus top

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OVARIES, FALLOPIAN TUBES UTERUS
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BREASTS

• Mamm/o, mast/o
• Glandular structures that produce milk
• Process called lactation (lact/o milk)
• Areola
• Dark pigmented area found in the center
• Nipple
• Elevated area in center of areola
• Changes from pink to dark brown during pregnancy
• Colostrum
• First breast milk

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BREAST STRUCTURE
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REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

• Ovulation
• Process of ovum development
• From primary follicle to mature graafian follicle
  
• Corpus Luteum
• Shrunken ovum
• Secretes progesterone to prepare lining of uterus
  for possible pregnancy
• Ovum released from an ovary
• To uterus for implantation
• If no pregnancy, menstruation occurs (men/o
  menses, menstruation, month)
• Sloughing off of uterine lining
• Occurs every 21-28 days
• Menarche initial menstrual period (at puberty)
• Menopause
• Permanent ending of menstrual activity
• Female hormone secretion diminishes

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WELLNESS ILLNESS

• Examination
• Breasts
• Women to perform breast self-exam (BSE)
• External genitalia
• Internal genitalia
• Speculum
• Inserted into vagina

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PRE/ADOLESCENCE

• Puberty
• Menarche
• Physical growth
• Secondary sexual characteristics develop
• Tanner staging of breasts and pubic hair
• Abnormalities with menstruation
• A/dys/hyper/hypo/oligo (menorrhea flow)
• Menorrhagia (rrhagia discharge)
• Increased or excessive menstrual flow
• Menorrhalgia (algi/o pain)
• Painful menstruation

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ADULT FEMALE

• Pregnancy terms
• Gravida number of times a woman has been
  pregnant
• Para (pario, from Latin to bring forth)
  number of live births
• Examples
• Gravida I, Para 0
• Gravida II, Para II
• Nulliparous no live births
• Multiparous having had many births
• Primipara (primi one) one birth

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ADULT FEMALE (cont)

• Endometriosis
• Endometrial tissue appearing outside the uterus
• Dyspareunia painful intercouse
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Ascending infection of pelvic cavity
• From vagina or cervix
• Can be localized or spread - acute salpingitis
• Fibroids common benign tumors of the uterus
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• STD
• Associated with cervical cancer
• New virus for preadolescents and young women

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AGING FEMALE

• Menopause
• Due to decreasing hormone levels
• Many physiologic changes
• Uterus
• Ovaries
• Vagina
• External genitalia
• Osteoporosis bone thinning
• Changes in pelvic musculature prolapses
  (falling)
• Cystocele (cele hernia, swelling)
• Uterine prolapse
• Rectocele

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Procedures

• Maintaining wellness
• Pap smear for cervical cancer
• Mammogram
• Dilatation and Curettage (D C)
• Scraping of uterine wall
• Bilateral tubal ligation
• Sterilization
• Hysterectomy (TAH)
• Surgical removal of uterus
• Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-
  oophorectomy (TAH/BSO)
• Also includes removal of ovaries and fallopian
  tubes

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DRUGS

• Contraceptives
• Diaphragm
• Oral
• Injectable
• Cervical ring
• Implant
• Patch
• Fertility agents
• Treatment of menopausal symptoms
• Estrogen replacement (HRT)
• Controversial