Introduction to Radiologic Technology

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Introduction to Radiologic Technology

• Amber M. Nelms,BSRS,RT(R)(M)
• Clinical Coordinator, Rad. Tech.
• 2nd Summer Session, 2006

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WELCOME TO RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY!!!!
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Quality Customer
Service

• The patient is healthcares customer
• Radiology is an expensive department within the
  hospital (equipment, procedures)
• Becoming aware of your surroundings enables you
  to better understand your role as a student
  technologist
• Quality customer service including quality
  management is very important in radiology

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JCAHO

• What is JCAHO?
• The Joint Commission on Accreditation of
  Healthcare Organizations
• They stipulate that a patient/family complaint
  system must be in place and made available to all
  patients and families
• You as a student are a part of the healthcare
  delivery system and must become familiar with
  its functions

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Patients Perspective and Patient Satisfaction

• By knowing what the public perceives about health
  care delivery we can attempt to focus on how to
  provide services.
• This is accomplished regularly in hospitals by
  passing out surveys to patients (and also to
  employees)
• In one survey performed, the top two factors that
  were important to patients when choosing a
  hospital were 1-latest technology and
  equipment and 2-courtesy of hospital staff

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Customers

• Who are the customers?
• Outside customers are patients, families,
  physicians and other within the community.
• Inside customers are members of other
  departments, coworkers, radiologists.
• Remember that coworkers are customers too this
  makes for a better working environment.
• Project a professional image to all outside
  customers (suppliers, sales reps, etc.) They
  spread the word about what kind of service they
  observe while at your facility.

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Moments of Truth

• Moments of truth are the points at which patients
  form perceptions about the quality of service
  being given and the quality of care.
• Moments of truth are affected by physical
  appearance of the work area, appearance of the
  technologist and the professional behavior of
  everyone involved in their visit to the hospital.

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Customer Service Cycles
Role-Playing Skit on page 11
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Telephone Etiquette
Answer a ringing phone in the department within 3
rings if possible. Answer professionally-
Radiology Department, this is Amber, May I help
you? Speak clearly, pleasant and unhurried.
Smiling while you speak will automatically make
you sound more pleasant. Once you know the
callers name, use it. If you must put the caller
on hold, ask their permission. When you return,
thank them for holding. Become comfortable with
the telephone system so that you can properly use
its functions (transferring, etc.) When the call
has ended, thank the caller and wait for them to
hang up first.
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Conflict Resolution
This is the age of consumer awareness and
increased competition (and lawsuits) it is
imperative that patients are handled in the most
professional manner possible. Conflict resolution
is important when dealing with patients,
coworkers and physicians. The two most important
tools to use in conflict resolution are effective
listening and empathy. Effective listening- tells
others we respect what they have to say and are
here to help them. Empathy- understanding and
accepting the other persons position without
necessarily agreeing or disagreeing very
difficult in stressful situations.
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Critical ThinkingChapter 4
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What is critical thinking?

• Many have defined critical thinking in lots of
  different ways. Basically, we can define it as
  making wise decisions based on a set of
  universally accepted values. The JRCERT (Joint
  Review Committee on Education in Radiologic
  Technology) requires critical thinking as part of
  our curriculum to further enhance student
  competence.

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Characteristics of a Critical Thinker

• Humane
• Analytical
• Rational
• Open-minded
• Systematic
• Inquisitive

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Things that Hinder Critical Thinking

• Background beliefs (religious, cultural
  traditions, parents, past teachers)
• Faulty reasoning (from biased or false
  information)
• Group loyalty (social groups with sets of
  acceptable behaviors)
• Frozen mind-set (closed-minded)
• Emotional baggage (logic vs. emotion)

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Steps for Becoming a Critical Thinker

• Approach learning humbly and with an open-mind
• Have respect for others
• Self-awareness- when we are aware of our own
  standards and ethics, we can objectively make
  decisions and act responsibly
• Hone your skills- practice makes perfect even in
  critical thinking!

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The History of MedicineChapter 5
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In the beginning.

• We can only speculate about human practice of
  pre-historic medicine
• All of the ancient cultures had various beliefs
  about healing and medicine.
• The embalmings of the ancient Egyptians have
  provided us with much of our knowledge of ancient
  medicine
• The ancient cultures shared a common bond in
  medicine- religion was always linked to the
  medicinal practices.

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Hippocrates

• The Father of Medicine
• His ideas revolutionized medicine from the
  ancient past and began turning it into an
  objective science.
• His teachings were
• Observe all
• Study the patient rather than the disease
• Evaluate honestly
• Assist nature

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Christianity and Medicine
Dawn of Christianity changed many attitudes about
medicine The healing message of Christ started to
spread and the church dominated medicine during
the Dark Ages with prayer, exorcism, holy oil,
relics of saints, supernaturalism, and
superstition. Jesus ministry did not
differentiate healing into physical, mental, or
spiritual categories. Luke the physician was the
author of one of the gospels in the Bible- here
compassion, forgiveness, and concern for the
unfortunate and dispossessed is emphasized.
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The Renaissance
Paracelsus the father of pharmacology Andreas
Versallus the father of anatomy Lots of
medical discoveries were made during this time
period.
The Eighteenth Century
Giovanni Battista Morgagni the father of
physiology Jenner formulated the smallpox
vaccine Through experimental surgery, John Hunter
developed a way to close of aneurysms.
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The Nineteenth Century

• Autopsies were a major focus of medicine during
  the nineteenth century
• Advances in surgery
• Joseph Lister discovered that bacteria were often
  the origin of disease
• Pasteur discovered that the decay of food could
  be forestalled by heating and destroying the
  bacteria
• Gregor Mendel was the founding father of genetics
  in 1886
• November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen founded x-rays
  while working in his lab

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20th Century

• Ehrlich father of chemotherapy
• Einthoven first EKG
• Surgical techniques refined
• 1930- invention of electron microscope

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Medicine in the 21st Century

• Trend emerging toward a more personal healthcare
• Research into genetics has greatly changed
  knowledge about heredity and disease
• Biotechnology has opened doors in treatment that
  were once unimaginable

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Important Definitions

• Health a state of complete physical, mental, and
  social well being, and not merely the absence of
  disease or imfirmity.
• Disease the pattern of response of a living
  organism to some form of injury
• Mortality death rate
• Morbidity occurrence of disease
• Emerging infectious diseases diseases of
  infectious origin whose incidence in humans has
  either increased within the past two decades or
  threatens to increase in the near future

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Top 3 Causes of Death in US

• Heart disease
• Cancer
• stroke

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Chapter 6

• Historical Perspective of Radiology

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The Pioneers of Radiology

• Evangelista Torricelli produced first recognized
  vacuum with the invention of the barometer (1643)
• Guericke, Boyle and Sprengel experiments with
  vacuum tubes (1659, 1865)
• Isaac Newton built and improved the static
  generator
• Benjamin Franklin conduction of many electricity
  experiments
• Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet significant
  improvements of the electroscope (a forerunner of
  the x-ray tube).
• William Watson demonstrated a current of
  electricity by transmitting current from a jar
  through wires and a vacuum tube
• Michael Faraday electromagnetic induction (led
  to production of better generators and
  transformers for use in x-ray tubes)
• Johann Wilhelm Hittorf experiments with cathode
  rays
• William Crookes furthers studies of cathode rays
  (Crookes tube)
• William Goodspeed produced first radiograph in
  1890 (not credited for discovery of x-rays)
• RL Maddox produced film with gelatin silver
  bromide emulsion (1871)
• George Eastman produced and patented roll-paper
  film (1884)

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Discovery of X-Rays

• Discovered on November 8, 1895 by Wilhelm
  Roentgen
• Roentgen worked at the University of Wurzburg and
  did many experiments in the physics department
  with the cathode ray Crookes Tube.
• X-ray x is the mathematical symbol for unknown
  quantity
• Roentgen proved that by continuously producing
  the fluorescent effect of barium platinocyanide,
  he had produced some sort of x-ray

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• Roentgen made the first successful radiograph of
  his wifes hand using a cassette loaded with a
  photographic plate in which he directed the rays
  from the tube.
• The bones in her hand as well as two rings were
  clearly visible
• This was a major breakthrough in the history of
  medicine

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You cant see, touch, taste, smell or hear

• The public did not understand the principle
  behind x-ray production (and they still dont!)
• Entrepreneurs tried to capitalize on the
  discovery with items such as x-ray glasses, bone
  portraits, and x-ray units for the home to
  provide entertainment for guests
• Finally, Thomas Edison questioned the effects of
  x-rays after his eyes were sore and red after
  working with a fluorescent tube
• After these reports emerged in the US and Europe,
  serious efforts were made to protect those who
  worked with the rays. Today, a career in x-ray
  is as safe as any other career (with the proper
  work habits and precautions).

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Advancements of the Roentgen Rays

• First x-ray in the US was made by Michael
  Idvorsky Pupin (professor at Columbia University)
  on January 2, 1896
• Thomas Edison did work focused on fluroscopy
  (real time x-ray)
• Clarence Madison Dally was Edisons assistant and
  suffered severe radiation damage due to the
  experiments in fluroscopy Edison immediately
  stopped his experiments.
• Pierre and Marie Curie are credited with studies
  in radioactivity (the property of certain
  elements to spontaneously emit rays or subatomic
  particles from matter)
• Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in 1911 for
  her work in chemistry
• She continued to study radioactivity and
  developed approx. 20 mobile radiographic units
  and 200 installations for the army. After
  training herself as an x-ray technician, she
  trained French soldiers and gave x-ray classes to
  American soldiers.

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Nuclear Radiology

• Nuclear radiology is the branch of radiology that
  deals with using radioactive materials for
  medical diagnosis and treatment.
• 1932 cyclotron invented by Ernest Lawrence. It
  made it possible to accelerate particles to high
  speeds for use as projectiles.
• 1942 as a result of breakthrough by Enrico Fermi
  at the University of Chicago, atomic devices were
  built and tested experimentally. Shortly after,
  these devices were introduced as weapons and used
  on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

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Technical advancements in radiology are
overwhelming when looking back at where it all
started. Technology will continue to advance at
a rapid rate- you will see many advancements just
throughout your educational journey.
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Chapter 7

• Radiography Education From Classroom to Clinic

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• Daily tasks range from communications and
  psychology to artistic expression in the
  productionof the radiographic image to physics,
  anatomy, physiology and chemistry.
• To the novice, the work performed by a
  well-educated registred tech may seem methodic
  and lacking challenge.

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How to treat patients

• Interact with them
• Establish and maintain an atmosphere of caring
  and empathy for the patient
• Treat the patient as a guest in the home
• These things become more difficult when dealing
  with the elderly, terminally ill, small children
  or the handicapped.

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Chapter 9 and Chapter 10

• No powerpoint notes, just lecture and class
  discussion

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Chapter 11

• Imaging Life Cycle and Quality

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