federal legislation voc ed

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Federal Legislation Effecting Vocational Education
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Smith-Hughes Act 1917

• Vocational Education is needed to
• Conserve and develop resources
• Prevent waste of human labor
• Provide supplement to apprenticeship
• Increase wage-earning power
• Meet increasing need for trained workers

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Smith-Hughes Act 1917

• Offset the cost of living
• Democratize education in public schools

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Vocational education is

• A wise business investment
• Needed because prosperity is at stake
• Needed for direct and positive effects on
  education
• A stepping stone to better standards of living

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Influence of Charles Prosser

• Architech of Smith-Hiughes Act
• Wanted separation of vocational and academic
  education
• Thought students should learn from craftsmen
• Wanted people fit for useful employment

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A Scheme of Cooperation...

• Voc ed is essential to national welfare
• Federal funds are needed to equalize burden of
  work between states
• Federal government should buy in because it is
  interested in success
• Cooperation will assist proper standards of
  efficiency

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Smith-Hughes Act 1918

• Emphasized the promotion of education

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Smith-Sears Act 1918

• Provided vocational rehabilitation and return to
  civilian employment of disabled veterans

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Smith-Bankhead 1920

• Civilians disabled in industry

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Smith-Fess 1920

• Augmented vocational guidelines for civilians not
  covered under previous acts

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George-Reed Act 1929

• Increased the amount of federal aid for
  agriculture and home economics
• Re-emphasized that vocational training was
  necessary

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George-Ellsey Act 1934

• Appropriated 3,000,000 for
• Agriculture
• Home Economics
• Trade and Industrial Education

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George-Deen Act 1936

• First to authorize funds for distributive
  occupations
• First to provide occupational information and
  vocational guidance
• DISTRIBUTIVE EDUCATION
• the first cooperative education program

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George-Borden Act 1946

• Provided federal support to train practical
  nurses and other health workers
• Included funding to train for fishing occupations

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National Defense Education Act 1958

• Provided funds to train highly skilled
  technicians for industries contributing to
  national defense.

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Area Redevelopment Act 1961

• Provided education for unemployed and under
  employed in certain depressed areas

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Manpower Development and Training Act 1962

• Provided same training as ARA but extended
  service to all states
• Trained with
• hands on skills
• basic instruction skills (reading, math, language
  arts)
• Created a partnership of state and federal
  governments

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Vocational Education Act 1963

• Broadened vocational education to meet existing
  and future needs
• Appropriated major funding
• Added Business and office Occupations to
  Agriculture, Home Economics and Distributive
  Education

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Economic Opportunity Act 1964

• Targeted poor and minorities
• Established Job Corps and Volunteers in Service
  to America (VISTA)

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965

• Aimed at elementary children, especially minority
  and intercity
• Operation Headstart

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Adult Education Act 1967

• Expand educational opportunities for adult
  education
• Allowed adults to complete minimum of secondary
  school
• Provided funding for adult teacher training

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Occupational Education

• For persons 16 and older who have graduated from
  or left elementary or secondary school
• Conducted by institution authorized by the state
• Prepared workers for technical, semi-skilled, or
  sub-professional jobs

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Vocational Education Amendments 1972

• Extended residential vocational schools
• Consumer and Homemaking education
• Cooperative vocational education
• Curriculum development
• Special programs for disadvantaged
• National advisory committee on vocational
  education

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• Included Industrial Arts programs
• Established National Institute of Education (NIE)
• Gives powerful stimulus to post-secondary
  vocational education

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Adult Education Act 1974

• Extended 1967 act
• funds for institutionalized persons
• cooperation with MDTA
• funds for secondary certification
• funds for limited English ability (LEP)

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Educational Amendments of 1976

• First major overhaul of vocational education
  since 1968
• Separates the administration of vocational
  education at secondary from post-secondary

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• Purpose of Vocational Education
• Extend, improve and maintain programs
• Develop new programs
• Overcome sex discrimination and stereotyping
• Provide part-time employment for needy youths

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Major Changes

• Funding and administration
• New groups in population receive attention
  (Hispanics and - Americans)
• Federal government changes the purpose and
  definition of vocational education

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Education agrees....

• In 1560, Fray Domingo had written to King Philip
  of Spain to defend the population of Peru. He
  contended that because their language was
  refined and delicate, the people who used it
  have to be highly civilized.
• We agreed in 1972.

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Youth Employment Demonstration Acts 1977

• Amended CETA to expand understanding of youth and
  help find employment for low-income youths
• Focused on importance of school-to-work transition

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Comprehensive Education and Training Act 1973

• Absorbed previous manpower programs
• Shifted control from federal to local
• More specialized education
• Designed to meet economic downturns of country
• Emphasis Find a job and get off CETA payroll
• Amended 8 times

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Education for All Handicapped Children 1977

• To delineate, fund and implement educational
  rights of handicapped children
• Provided a judicial process for parents of
  handicapped children
• All children between 3 and 21 should be provided
  a free, appropriate education

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Four Supreme Court Cases

• Rowley v. Hendrick Hudson Schools
• defined appropriate education
• Tatro v. IISD
• equal access
• Smith v. Robinson
• EHCA only avenue for claims to financed special
  education
• Anderson v. Thompson
• private school reimbursement

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Job Training Partnership Act 1982

• Provide jobs for youth and unskilled adults
• Afford training to those with barriers to
  employment
• Administration by state and local governments
  with consideration of business desires and needs

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Carl D. Perkins Act 1984

• Focused strongly on adult learners
• Provided access to disadvantage, handicapped,
  nontraditional occupations, single parents,
  incarcerated, LEP
• Continued consumer and homemaking education
• Promoted sex equity

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Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology
Education Act 1990

• Extended program for five years
• Intended to have vocational education take lead
  in educational reform
• Carl Perkins 1990 was not renewed in 1995!

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The Reemployment Act of 1994

• Federal funds for five years
• Stresses community colleges will counsel and
  train for vocational occupations
• Every American must have access to employment
• Must be free to choose resources
• Local conditions determine resources
• Public and private shared control

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Carl D. Perkins Act 1998

• Offers greater spending flexibility of federal
  funds for vocational education.
• Maintains vocational education as a separate
  educational system administered program.
• "Tech Prep" reform initiatives and
  academic-vocational integration in instruction
  are continued.
• Simplified and streamlined requirements.

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Thank you for your attention!
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