Software Engineering

1
Software Engineering
2
Preface and Introduction (contd)

• The objective of this course is to explain and
  provide an easy and practical introduction to the
  important characteristics of software
  engineering. After taking this course, students
  will understand
• ???????????????????????,?????
• what is software engineering
• why software engineering is important
• how to develop software and manage a software
  project by using the software engineering in
  detail.
• ??????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????

3
Prerequisites

• Introduction to Computer Science
• Programming Skills
• ????
• ????

4
References

• Pressman 2004 Roger S. Pressman. Software
  Engineering a practitioners approach, 6th
  edition. McGRAW-HILL.
• Sommerville 2004 Ian Sommerville. Software
  Engineering, 7th edition. Addison Wesley.
• Rumbaugh et al.1991 J. Rumbaugh, M. Blaha, W.
  Premeerlani, F. Eddy, and W. Lorensen.
  Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. PRENTICE
  HALL, 1991.
• DIL1994 A. Diller. Z An Introduction to Formal
  Methods, 2nd Edition. John Wiley Sons, 1994
• WOO88 J. Woodcock and M. Loomes. Software
  Engineering Mathematics Formal Methods
  Demystified. Pitman Publishing. 1988
• WOR92 J.B. Wordsworth. Software Development
  with Z A Practical Approach to Formal Methods in
  Software Engineering. Addision-Welsey Publishing
  Company. 1992

5
References (contd)

• Beizer 1990 B. Beizer, Software Testing
  Techniques, 2nd Edition, Van Nostrand-Reinhold,
  1990.
• Boehm 1981 B. Boehm, Software Engineering
  Economics, Prentice-Hall, 1981.
• Davis 1995 A. Davis, 201 Principles of Software
  Development, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
• Gao 2003 Jerry Gao, Jacob Tsao, and Ye Wu,
  Testing and Quality Assurance for Component-Based
  Software, Artech House, 2003.
• Kaner 1993 C. Kaner, J. Falk, and H. Q. Nguyen,
  Testing Computer Software, 2nd Edition, Van
  Nostrand-Reinhold, 1993.
• Myers 1979 G. Myers, The Art of Software
  Testing, Wiley, 1979.
• Brooks 1987 F. Brooks. No Silver Bullet
  Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering.
  Computer, 20(4)1019, April 1987.
• Balzer 1985 Robert Balzer, A 15 year
  perspective on automatic programming, IEEE
  Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-11,
  no. 11, pp. 1257-1267, Nov. 1985.

6
Chapter 1 An Overview of Software
Engineering??????
7
Table of Contents???

• 1.1 Software Crisis ????
• 1.2 Software Myths ????
• 1.3 What is Software Engineering? ????????
• 1.4 The Evolution of Software Industry ???????
• Exercises

8
1.1 Software Crisis????
9
What is the Problem? ??????

• 84 of all software projects do not finish on
  time and within budget (Survey conducted by
  Standish Group)
• 8000 projects in US in 1995
• More than 30 of all projects were cancelled
• 189 over budget
• 84???????????????
• ??1995?????8000???
• ??30??????
• ????189
• Key issues
• Software firms are always pressured to perform
  under unrealistic deadlines.
• The clients ask for new features, just before the
  end of the project,
• and unclear requirements. (???)
• Software itself is awfully complex.
• Uncertainties throughout the development project.
• ????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????,??????
• ????????
• ????????

10
The Cost of Change
Cost
Time
??????,????????
11
Real Cases ????

• Bank of America Master Net System
• Trust business. 1982.
• Spend 18 months in deep research analysis of
  the target system.
• Original budget 20 millions.
• Original Schedule 9 months, due on 1984/12/31.
• Not until March-1987, and spent 60 millions.
• Lost 600 million business
• Eventually, gave up the software system and 34
  billion trust accounts transferred.
• ???????????
• ?1982?????????.
• ??18???????????
• ???? 2??
• ???? 9??, 1984/12/31??
• ??1987?3???, ??6??
• ??6????
• ??,?????????340??????
• Other cases ????
• Explosion of Ariane 5 prototype in 1996
  1996?Ariane 5???????
• Explosion of Boeings Delta III rocket.
  ??Delta III ?????

12
Problems of Software ?????

• General issues ????
• HW vs. SW ????????
• Productivity build new programs from scratch
  ??? ?????
• Maintenance maintain existing programs ??
  ???????

13
Characteristics of Software ?????
Software
Hardware
logical system element ??????
physical system element ??????
developed/engineered ???/???
Manufactured ???
Not ware out but deteriorate ????????
ware out ???
-yes, with spare parts ?????

• no spare parts??????

Usually custom-built ??????
assembled from existing Component ?????????
14
Failure Curve for Hardware ??????(Ware out ??)
Failure rate
Time
15
Failure Curve for Software (Deterioration Not
Ware Out ???????)
16
1.2 Software Myths????
17
Software Myths

• Management Myths
• We already have a book thats full of standards
  and procedures for building software. Wont that
  provide my people with everything they need to
  know?
• My people do have state-of-the-art software
  development tools after all, we buy them the
  newest computers.
• If we get behind schedule, we can add more
  programmers and catch up.
• ?????
• ???????????????????,???????????????????
• ??????????????????,??????????????
• ????????,?????????????????

18
Software Myths (contd)

• Customer Myths
• A general statement of objectives is sufficient
  to begin writing programs we can fill in the
  details later
• Project requirements continually change, but
  change can be easily accommodated because
  software is flexible
• ?????
• ????????????????? - ????,???????????
• ?????????,?????,?????,???????????

19
Software Myths (contd)

• Practitioners Myths
• Once we write the program and get it to work, our
  job is done.
• Until I get the program running I really have
  no way of assessing its quality.
• The only deliverable for a successful project is
  the working program.
• ??????
• ?????????,????????
• ????????,???????????
• ????????????,???????????

20
1.3 What is Software Engineering?????????
21
What is Software?

• Software includes
• computer programs
• documents
• data data structures
• ????
• ????
• ??
• ???????

22
What is Software Engineering?
Software Engineering
Real World
Software World
23
What is Software Engineering? (contd)

• Software engineering is a discipline that
  integrates methods, tools, and procedures for the
  development of computer software.
• Method introduce a way to build software
• Tool automatic, semi-auto support for methods
• Procedure define the sequence in which methods
  will be applied, the controls that help ensure
  quality and coordinate changes.
• ??????????????????????????
• ?? ?????????
• ?? ?????????????
• ?? ???????,????,???????

24
Generic View of Software Engineering

• Definition What
• Development How
• Maintenance Changes
• ?? what
• ?? how
• ?? changes

25
Traditional Software Engineering
Software Design
Process
Behavior
Data
Entity-Relation Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
State Transition Diagram
26
Object-Oriented Software Engineering
Software Design
Object
Behavior
Function
Data Flow Diagram
Class Diagram
State Chart
27
1.4 The Evolution of Software Industry???????
28
5 Eras ??

• Independent Programming Service (Era 1)
• Software Product (Era 2)
• Enterprise Solution (Era 3)
• Packaged Software for the Mass (Era 4)
• Internet Software and Services (Era 5)
• ????????
• ????
• ??????
• ??????????
• ???????

29
Independent Programming Services (Era 1)

• Feb 1955, Elmer Kubie and John Sheldon founded
  CUC
• the First Software Company that devoted to the
  construction of software especially for hardware
  company.
• ????????????
• Promoting Software Industry two Major Projects,
• SABRE, airline reservation system, 30 million.
• SAGE, air defense system (19491962)
• 700/1000 programmers in the US. 8 billion.
• ???????????
• SABRE, ????,3??
• SAGE,????(19491962) 700/1000????????, 80?

30
Software Product (Era 2)

• 1964 Martin Goetz developed Flowchart Software --
  Autoflow for RCA, but rejected.
• Sale to the customer of RCA IBM.
• Develop and market software products not
  specifically designed for a particular hardware
  platform.
• MARK IV, a pre-runner for the database management
  system.
• IBM unbundled software from hardware.
• 1964?Martin Goetz ???????Autoflow?RCA ,????
• ??RCA?IBM???
• ????????????????
• Mark IV , ???????????

31
Enterprise Solutions (Era 3)

• Dietmar Hopp. IBM Germany
• Systems, Applications and Products (SAP)
  3.3billion (1997)
• Setting up shop in Walldorf, Germany.
• Marked by the emergence of enterprise solutions
  providers.
• e.g. Baan 1978. Netherlands. 680 million
  (1997)
• Oracle 1977. U.S.
• Larry Ellison.
• ERP, 45 billion (1997)

32
Packaged Software for the Masses (Era 4)

• Software products for the masses. 1979.
• VisiCalc, Spreadsheet program.
• August 1981 The deal of the century.
• Bill Gates bought the first version of the OS
  from a small firm called Seattle Computer
  Products for 50,000 without telling them it was
  for IBM.
• The development of the IBM PC, 1981, initiated a
  4th software era.
• PC-based mass-market software. Few additional
  services are required for installation.
• Microsoft reached revenues of 11.6 billion.
  Packaged Software Products, 57 billion (1997)

33
Internet Software and Services (Era 5)

• ?????????,1994.W
• ??????
• Internet and value-added services period, 1994. W
• with Netscapes browser software for the
  internet.

34
IT Market
Hardware products
Hardware maintenance
Software Products Services
Processing Services and Internet Services
Embedded Software
Professional Service
Software Products
Enterprise Solution
Packaged Mass-Market Software
35
Software Products and Services
Enterprise Solutions IBM Oracle Computer
Associates SAP HP Fujitsu Hitachi Parametric
Technology People Soft Siemens
Packaged Mass-Market Software Microsoft IBM Comp
uter Associates Adobe Novell Symantec Intuit Autod
esk Apple The Learning Company
Professional Software Services Anderson
Consulting IBM EDS CSC Science Applications Cap
Gemini Hp DEC Fujitsu BSO Origin
36
Exercises

• Please find the definition of Software
  Engineering from the text books, papers, and
  Internet as many as possible.
• Please survey the software engineering
  application in industries of TAIWAN.
• ??????????,?????????????????
• ??????????????????