Sailing

1
Sailing

• Ordinary Requirement 16

2
Ordinary Requirement 16

• Name the principal parts of the masts, booms,
  spars, standing and running rigging, and sails of
  a gaff- or Marconi-rigged sloop, schooner, and
  ketch or yawl.
• Describe the identifying characteristics of a
  sloop, ketch, yawl, cutter, and schooner.
• Reference
• See "Larger Sailing Craft" on page 265
• Appendix A.
• The Sailmakers Apprentice

3
In Theory

• You don't need to know much about how a piston
  engine works in order to drive a car. You get in,
  turn on the engine, shift into gear, step on the
  gas, and off you go.
• In a sailboat, though, you play a for more active
  role in harnessing the energy that propels you
  forward.
• You can get stuck in "neutral," with no wind in
  your sails-or you can even capsize-so it's
  important to have a basic understanding of how a
  sailboat works.

4
How A Boat Sails

• It's easy to see how a boat can sail when it's
  going in the same direction as the wind - the
  sails catch the wind and push the boat forward.
• But how does a boat make progress sailing across
  the wind or even towards the wind?
• The wind blows across the sails, creating
  aerodynamic lift, like an airplane wing. The lift
  contains a sideways force and a small forward
  force.
• Very simply, the forces of the wind on the sails
  (aerodynamics) and the water on the underwater
  parts of the boat through the water.

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How A Boat Sails

• Trimming the sails efficiently produces the most
  forward force and the least resistance.
• A sailboat would slide sideways with the wind if
  it did not have a centerboard or keel underneath
  the hull.
• The flow of water over the underwater surfaces
  creates lift, too - a sideways force countering
  the force of the wind. The combination of these
  forces pushes the boat forward.
• Form stability and ballast keep a sailboat from
  tipping over sideways (capsizing).
• Keelboats have a heavy concentration of weight,
  usually lead, in their keels. As the boat heels,
  the weight of the keel pulls back down.
• Since centerboard boats don't have heavy keels,
  the crew must use their weight to counteract the
  heeling forces. If you get too far out of
  position, you risk a capsize.

6
Masts, Booms Spars

• Mast
• the vertical pole or spar that supports the sails
  and boom. 
• Masthead
• the top of the mast
• Boom
• the horizontal spar which is attached to the mast
  to support the bottom part of the mainsail.

7
Standing Rigging

• Forestay
• a wire that runs from the top of the mast (or
  near the masthead) to the bow and onto which the
  jib is attached. 
• It supports the mast, preventing it from falling
  backwards.
• Backstay
• a wire that runs from the top of the mast to the
  stern and support the mast.
• Shrouds
• Wires that run from the masthead (or near the
  masthead) to the sides of the boat to support the
  mast and prevent it from swaying.

8
Running Rigging

• Halyard
• A line or wire used to raise or lower sails by
  connecting to the head of the sail
• Sheet
• the line used to trim or ease a sail.
• Traveler
• a slide, running across the boat, to which a
  sheet is led. 
• Boom Vang
• Connects the boom and mast and controls the
  main's leech tension by preventing or permitting
  the boom to rise
• Cunningham
• Attaches just above the tack of the main and
  helps control the main's luff tension

• Topping Lift
• prevents the boom from dropping on deck
• Outhaul
• Attaches to the clew of the main and adjusts the
  main's foot tension
• Downhaul
• Attaches to the boom by the mast and tightens the
  luff by pulling the boom down
• Leads
• Blocks or other fittings that control the angle
  of a trimmed sheet

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Rigging Details
10
Rigging Details
11
Rigging Details
12
Rigging Details
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Sails

• Not just a simple square or triangle of cloth
• Construction is based on a series of complex
  curves that the sailmaker uses to create proper
  belly or shape
• Made of Dacron or exotics, it is also reinforced
  with patches at the edges and corners and at the
  roach and battens to give extra stiffness and
  strength

14
Sails

• Mainsail the primary and most easily controlled
  source of sail power, attached along the front
  edge to the mast and along the bottom edge to the
  boom.
• Jib (Headsail) the sail set forward of the
  mainsail and attached to the forestay
• Genoa (Headsail) a large jib with an overlap
  aft of the mast.
• Spinnaker (Chute) a balloon like sail, often
  colored, used when running with the wind.

15
Parts of a Sail
16
Types of Sails
17
Types of Boats