The West on the Eve of A New World Order

1
The West on the Eve of A New World Order
17
2
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth An
Intellectual Revolution in the West

• Scientific Revolution new way of viewing the
  universe and their place in it
• Toward a New Heaven A Revolution in Astronomy
• Geocentric theory
• Universe a series of concentric spheres with a
  fixed or motionless earth at its center
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
• Heliocentric (sun centered) theory
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,
  Principia
• World-machine
• Europe, China, and Scientific Revolutions

3
Background to the Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment
• Political and social change in 18th C
• A movement of intellectuals who were impressed
  with accomplishments of Scientific Revolution
• Reason
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• World and everything in it worked like a giant
  machine
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• Essay Concerning Human Understanding
• Every person born with a blank mind

4
Enlightenment, contd

• The Philosophers and Their Ideas
• Who made up the philosophers?
• Paris the capital
• Role of philosophy not just to discuss the world
  but to change it

5
Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diederot

• Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
  (1689-1755)
• Spirit of the Laws (1748)
• Natural laws
• Three kinds of government
• Checks and Balances/Separation of powers
• François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Criticism of traditional religion
• Favored religious toleration
• Deism
• Denis Diederot (1713-1784)
• Encyclopedia, 28 volumes
• Spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

6
Toward a New Science of Man

• Belief in natural laws for all areas of human
  life
• Called Science of Man, or social sciences
• Physiocrats
• Natural economic laws
• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• State should not interfere with economic matters
• Idea became known as laissez-faire
• Three functions of government protect society
  against invasion defend citizens against
  injustice and keep up certain public works The
  Woman Question in the Enlightenment

7
The Later Enlightenment

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of
  Mankind
• The Social Contract
• Entire society agrees to be governed by its
  general will
• General will is not only political but also
  ethical, representing what the entire community
  ought to do
• Émile
• Education should foster, rather than restrict,
  childrens natural instincts

8
The Later Enlightenment, contd

• The Woman Question in the Enlightenment
• Nature of women made them inferior to men, thus
  male domination of women necessary and right
• Notable contributions
• Maria Winkelmann, Germany astronomer
• Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer
• Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• Subjection of women by men wrong
• Ideal of reason innate in all human beings

9
Culture in an Enlightened Age

• Rococo Art
• Emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
• Highly secular
• Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)
• World of upper-class joy and pleasure underneath
  the fragility and transitory nature of pleasure,
  love, and life
• High Culture
• Literary and artistic culture
• Expansion in the 18th century of reading public
  and publishing
• Popular Culture
• Group activity
• Feast days and festivals, e.g. carnival

10
Economic Changes and the Social Order

• New Economic Patterns
• Population Growth
• Lower death rates, plague disappeared, better
  agricultural practices and methods yielded more
  food, more land farmed
• Textile production shifted to countryside
  putting-out and domestic system cottage
  industry
• Global economy
• Trade that interlocked Europe, Africa, the East
  and the Americas
• Plantations of the Western Hemisphere
• Commercial capitalism created enormous prosperity

11
European Society in the Eighteenth Century

• Society still divided into traditional orders or
  estates determined by heredity
• Governments helped maintain the divisions
• Free peasant and serf
• 85 percent of Europes population
• Eastern Germany, eastern Europe, and Russia
  peasants remained tied to the land as serfs
• Peasants in Britain, northern Italy, the Low
  Countries, Spain, most of France, and some areas
  of western Germany were largely free
• Nobles
• Urban population
• Patrician oligarchies, upper middle class, lower
  middle class, laborers

12
Europe in 1763
13
Antoine Watteau, The Pilgrimage to Cythera
14
Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western
Hemisphere

• Society in Latin America
• Multiracial
• Mestizos
• Mulattoes
• The Economic Foundations
• Precious metals
• Agriculture
• Trade

15
Colonial Latin America, contd

• The State and the Church in Colonial Latin
  America
• Portuguese Brazil and Spanish America were
  colonial empire for over 300 years
• Colonial officials had a lot of autonomy over
  governing due to difficulty of communication and
  travel between Europe and Latin America
• Portuguese monarchy created governor general post
• King of Spain appointed viceroys

16
Colonial Latin America, contd

• Catholic church played an important role in
  Americas
• Indians brought into villages, converted, taught
  trades and grew crops
• Missionaries controlled lives and kept them
  docile
• Built hospitals, orphanages, schools, nunneries
  which women ran, so they had an alternative to
  marriage.
• Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, literary figure

17
Latin America in the Eighteenth Century
18
British North America

• Shared political power between monarch and
  Parliament
• Parliament gradually gained the upper hand
• Crown chose ministers responsible to the crown
• Parliament made laws, levied taxes, passed
  budgets and influenced the kings ministers
• Growing middle class
• William Pitt, the elder, prime minister in 1757
• Gained Canada and India in The Seven Years War

19
The American Revolution

• Consequences of the Seven Years War
• Second Continental Congress
• Declaration of Independence
• The War
• Foreign support
• Continental Army
• Yorktown, 1781
• Treaty of Paris, 1783

20
Birth of a New Nation

• Articles of Confederation, 1781
• Constitution, 1789
• Three branches of government
• Checks and balances
• Bill of Rights

21
Toward A New Political Order and Global Conflict

• Enlightenment impacts political development
• Philosophers natural rights
• What made a ruler enlightened?
• Enlightened absolutism
• Prussia The Army and the Bureaucracy
• Frederick William II, the Great, of Prussia
  (1740-1786)
• Well educated
• Believed the king was the first servant of the
  state
• Reforms
• The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs
• Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)
• Reforms, Problems

22
Russia Under Catherine the Great

• Catherine II, the Great, of Russia (1762-1796)
• Initial reforms
• Charter of the Nobility, 1785
• Expansion
• Emelyan Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-1774
• Joseph II - true radical change
• Catherine II and Frederick II attempted some
  reforms
• Enlightened rulers were limited in what they
  could do

23
Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered

• Necessities of state and maintenance of the
  existing system took precedence over reform
• Joseph, Frederick, and Catherine guided by a
  concern for power and well-being of their states
• Heightened state power used to create armies and
  wage wars to gain more power
• Hereditary aristocracy was not ready to trumpet
  equal rights for all

24
Changing Patterns of War Global Confrontation

• International rivalry
• War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
• Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1748)
• Silesia was seized by Prussia from Austria
• France occupied the Austrian Netherlands
• France took Madras in India from the British
• Britain took Louisbourg in North America
• All exhausted by 1748 return of all territories
  but Silesia

25
The French Revolution

• Background to the French Revolution
• Social Structure of the Old Regime
• First Estate (Clergy)
• 130,000 who own about 10 percent of the land
• Exempt from the taille
• Were divided from within as well
• 350,000 owning about 25 to 30 percent of the land
  
• Second Estate (Nobility)
• About 350,000 people
• Owned about 25 30 percent of the land
• Looking to expand their power
• Were exempt from the taille

26
The French Revolution, contd

• Third Estate (Commoners, skilled workers,
  bourgeoisie)
• Peasants were 75 to 80 percent of the population
  owning 35 to 40 percent of the land
• No serfdom but obligations
• Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, and wage earners
• Bourgeoisie (middle class) about 8 percent (about
  2.3 million) who own about 20 to 25 percent of
  the land

27
(No Transcript)
28
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy

• Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788
• Collapse of government finances
• Louis XIV (1774-1792)
• Estates General, last called in 1614
• First Estate and Second Estate 300 delegates
• Third Estates 600 delegates

29
From Estates-General to National Assembly

• Estates General opens May 5, 1789, at the Palace
  of Versailles
• Organization
• Demands of the Third Estate
• Third Estate constitutes itself as the National
  Assembly, June 17,1789
• Bastille, July 14, 1789
• The Great Fear, July-August, 1789

30
Destruction of the Old Regime

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,
  August 26, 1789
• Olympe de Gouges
• Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
  Citizen
• Parisian women march to Versailles and force
  Louis XVI and his family to return to Paris
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 12, 1790
• National Assembly creates a constitution, 1791
• Set up a limited constitutional monarchy
• Legislative Assembly to make the laws
• Uses an indirect voting method to elect
  representatives
• Opposition to the new government
• King attempts to flee France in June 1791
• Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria,
  April 20, 1792

31
The Radical Revolution

• National Convention, September 1792
• Abolition of the monarchy, September 21, 1792,
  creation of a republic
• Execution of Louis XIV, January 21, 1793
• Paris Commune
• Informal European coalition against France --
  Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, the
  Dutch Republic, and Russia
• A Nation in Arms
• Committee of Public Safety, 1793-1794
• Universal mobilization of the nation, August 23,
  1793
• Army grew from 650,000 to 1,169,000 in September
  1794

32
Reign of Terror

• Protect the Republic from internal enemies
• Executions
• Lyons
• De-Christianization
• New calendar
• Temple of Reason

33
Reaction and the Directory

• Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794, thus
  ending the Reign of Terror
• Directory, August 1795-1799
• Stagnation and corruption
• Coup détat in 1799

34
The Age of Napoleon

• Born on the island of Corsica in 1769
• Brigadier general, 1794
• Disastrous expedition to Egypt, 1797
• Consulate created following the coup détat of
  1799
• Napoleon the First Consul
• Consul for life, 1802
• Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804
• Domestic Policies
• Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church
• Napoleonic Civil Code
• Bureaucratic reform
• Effects of Napoleons domestic policies

35
Napoleons Empire

• Peace 1802 war renewed in 1803
• Britain, Austria, Russia, Russia, and Prussia in
  the Third Coalition
• Victories of 1805 to 1807
• The Grand Empire
• Napoleon master of Europe, 1807-1812
• The French Empire
• Dependent states
• Allied states
• Napoleon sought acceptance for revolutionary
  ideas
• Napoleon sought to destroy the old order
• Why does Napoleon fail?

36
The Coronation of Napoleon
37
Napoleons Grand Empire
38
Fall of Napoleon

• Invasion of Russia, 1812
• Russia refused to remain in the Continental
  System
• Russian tactics
• Only 40,000 of 600,000 invaders returned to
  Poland in January, 1813
• Defeat , April, 1814
• Paris captured in March, 1814
• Exile to Elba, 1814
• Louis XVIII took the throne
• Napoleon returns to France
• Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815
• Napoleon defeated by the Duke of Wellington
• Exile to St. Helena, 1815-1821

39
Discussion Questions

• Who were the leading figures of the Scientific
  Revolution and the Enlightenment, and what were
  their main contributions?
• What were the causes, the main events, and the
  results of the French Revolution?
• In what ways were the American Revolution, the
  French Revolution, and the 17th century English
  revolutions alike? In what ways were they
  different?