Charin Tongkasame Environmental ExpertEngineer PAL Consultants Co', Ltd' PALCON INWEPF 4th Steering

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Charin Tongkasame Environmental
Expert/EngineerPAL Consultants Co., Ltd.
(PALCON)INWEPF 4th Steering Meeting and
Symposium July 5, 2007
WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN
THAILAND
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OBJECTIVES OF PAPER

• TO PRESENT
• ? Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused by
  Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in Thailand
  (by DPC)
• ? Results of Two Case Studies (by PALCON for RID)
• ? Recommended Guidelines for Management of Water
  Pollution from Agricultural NPSs

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1. OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC) Agricultural Areas
in Thailand in 2002
47.2 x 1.06 ha
Upland Crops
18.9
Paddy Fields
29.0
12.0
Others
40.1
Forests
So, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSources of
Water Pollutants from ANPSs
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MAJOR POLLUTANTS CAUSEDBY ANPSs RICE
FARMING(by DPC)

• ? Nitrogen
• ? Phosphorus
• ? Organic Matters (BOD)
• ? Pesticides

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PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS,
2002 (by DPC)
53.26
49.12
40.97
Per Cent of Pollutants Caused by Paddy Fields
7.59
TN
TP
BOD
Pesticides
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CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS
(by DPC)

• Considerably High Contents of Pollutants From
  Paddy Fields in Thailand

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2. RESULTS OF CASE STUDIES

• 1) PRANBURI OM PROJECT IN
• PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN,
• SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE
• OF CENTRAL THAILAND (2005)
• - Paddy Fields 18.8

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• 2) MUNO AND PASEMUS OM
• PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS,
• A SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF
• THAILAND (1998)
• - Sharing Same Main Canal
• - Paddy Fields 51.0

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Locations of Case Study Projects
Bangkok
PrachuabKhiri Khan
POMP
MPOMPNarathiwas
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PRANBURI OM PROJECT
- Water Quality (WQ)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
954
7.35
5.24
22
373
2.60
1.80
4.7
FCB(MPN/100 ml)
DO (mg/l)
EC (µs/cm)
BOD (mg/l)
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PRANBURI OM PROJECT
- Aquatic Biology (AB)
Rainy Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
861
6.20
533
3.54
2.05
0.47
Phytoplankton(106 cell/m3)
Benthic Faunas(org./m3)
Fish Standing Crop(kg/ha)
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MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Water Quality (WQ)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
164
6.6
6.7
4.0
4.0
33
2.3
0.7
DO (mg/l)
EC (µs/cm)
BOD (mg/l)
pH
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MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Aquatic Biology (AB)
Dry Season
Irrigation Canal
Drainage Canal
176
17.3
132
7.2
4.27
1.86
Phytoplankton(106 cell/m3)
Benthic Faunas(org./m3)
Fish Standing Crop(kg/ha)
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CONCLUSIONS

• 1) Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Significant,
  and Will Become More Serious in Future
• 2) Paddy Fields Contribute Significant Pollutant
  Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, TDS, EC, Coliform
  Bacteria with Pesticides to a Lesser Degree
• 3) Good Pollution Control Is Needed for ANPSs
  and Paddy Fields

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3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM ANPSs

• COUNTRYS GUIDELINES
• - Agricultural Development Plan for 2002-2006
• - Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides
• GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive
• and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues)
• Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic
• Agrichemicals
• Definite Management Programs/Projects/
• Measures Need to Be Planned Implemented

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RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs PADDY FIELDS

• (1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND
• GUIDELINES
• ? GAPs ? GPMPs
• ? Databases Preparation
• ? Plan for Implementation of Definite WPM
• Programs/Projects/Measures
• ? For Major River Basins, Sub-basins,
• Large Project Areas

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• (2) PREPARATION OF GOOD
• DATABASES INCLUDING
• ? WQ, Aquatic Biology
• ? Agri Practices (Use of
• Agrichemicals)
• ? Pollution from Other Sources
• ? Effects of Pollution on AB,
• Fisheries, etc.
• ? Regular Updates

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• (3) IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM
• PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES
• BY USING LOCAL
• PARTICIPATORY METHOD
• INVOLVING
• - Farmers, Farmers Groups and Networks
• - Local Agricultural Officials
• - Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)
• - Educational Institutes Concerned

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(4) MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF WPM PROGRAMS
- Performance of Participants - Performance
of the Program - Recommending Program Improveme
nts
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Thank You
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(No Transcript)
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PRANBURI OM PROJECT
- Water Quality (WQ)
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- Aquatic Biology (AB)
There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution in
Return Flows on WQ AB
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MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS
- Water Quality
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- Aquatic Biology
There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution in
Return Flows on WQ and AB