The American West

1
(No Transcript)
2
Chapter 16

• The American West

3
Advance of Frontier

• The Colorado Gold rush, the 59s discovered gold
  near present-day Denver by W. Green Russell
• This led to the Pikes Peak Gold rush of 1859.
• The Nevada gold rush in 1858-59 led to the
  Comstock Lode.
• The Black Hills Gold Rush 1874 was the last of
  the great gold rush.

4
Indian and White delegates at Fort Laramie 1868
5
Indians of the Great Plains

• By the time of the gold rush and post Civil war
  the plains was the home to great many Indian
  tribes. This would change with the coming of the
  prospectors and the boom town that always
  followed in the wake of such findings.

6
Great Plains Continue

• The Teton Sioux
• Intruders
• The Railroads
• The Cowboys
• Homesteaders

7
Indian wars

• The wars of this period can be divided into two
  distinct periods the Early Indian Wars and the
  Later Indian Wars.
• Early Indian Wars(1861-1865) the Cheyenne-Arapaho
  wars.
• The Sand Creek Massacre, 600 Killed
• Chief Black Kettle
• Governor John Evans
• Colonel J. M. Chivington

8
Sioux War

• The Sioux wars begin with the Sand Creek
  Massacre and last until 1868.
• They continued the fighting until 1868 at which
  time the surrendered and gave in to reservation
  life.

9
A Buffalo hide yard, the treaty of Laramie treaty
promised access to buffalo grounds.
10
Later Indian Wars 1875-1890

• The Battle of Little Big Horn 25 June 1876
  involved most of the big Indian Chief of the
  time, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gall, Two Moon
  and many others.
• The 7th Cavalry under the command of General
  Terry.
• Major Marcus Reno, Lt. Col. Custer and
  Capt.Frederick Benteen.

11
Chief Sitting Bull (1831-1890)
12
Battle of Little Big Horn
13
Indians were starved in rebellion London 1890
14
The Nez Perce War 1877

• The Shoshone and the Nez Perce were led by Chief
  Joseph.
• Located in the Pacific Northwest in the area of
  Idaho and Oregon.
• In 1877 Chief Joseph led his people on a 1500
  mile flight to Canada.
• Was captured and send to reservations in Oklahoma
  and Florida.

15
Chief Joseph (1848?-1904)
16
The Apache War (1871-1885)

• The Apache war fought against the Apaches of
  Northern New Mexico and Arizona.
• Their leader was Geronimo, who successfully
  eluded the Cavalry for many years.
• They were also defeated and the remnants were
  shattered were assigned to reservations in the
  Southwest.

17
Apache Chief Geronimo 1829-1909)
18
The Ghost Dance War 1890

• This battle is also known as the battle of
  wounded Knee.
• Started by an Indian medicine man who promised
  the returned of the buffalo and great Chiefs and
  the sweeping away of the white man from the face
  of North America.
• The Ghost Dance was outlawed and this led to
  Chief Big Foot leading a group of Indians off the
  Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota.

19
Ghost Dance Continued

• Chief Big Foot soon realized his mistake and was
  returning to the reservation when he and about
  250 Dakotas were captured by the Seventh Cavalry
  and taken to a site near Wounded Knee Creek.
• In the ensuring disarming a shot rang out and all
  250 Indians and 25 soldiers were killed.
• It was the last major armed conflict between the
  Indians and the army.

20
Wovoka (1856-1932) Paiute medicine man -Ghost
Dance.
21
Bodies of the Indian dead at Wounded Knee now
S.D.
22
Federal Indian Policy

• Dawes Severalty Act 1887 which provided that
  tribal lands be divided among the various
  families and be given an adequate farm.
• However the Indian culture did not recognize
  private ownership of land.
• Also the Indian males played three roles in their
  culture
• lover
• provider
• defender

23
Dawes Act Continued

• The Dawes failure ensured reservation life for
  most Indians.
• In 1924 congress bestowed U.S. Citizenship on the
  American Indians.

24
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West
Cattle drive near Matador Range, Texas
25
The Rise of the Cattle Kingdom

• The years of the Cattle Kingdom run from
  1866-1887, about twenty years from beginning to
  end. However the lore of the period extents even
  into our present day culture.
• Life of the cowboyin lore and in actuality.
• Factors in the rise of the Cattle KingdomThe
  second trip of Columbus in 1493.

26
Rise of Cattle Kingdom

• Spaniards introduced cattle into the Western
  hemisphere.
• The Journey of Coronado searching for the seven
  cities of gold.
• The system of settlements employed by the Spanish
  in Mexico.
• 1864 a cattle drive from Texas to New Orleans for
  the purpose of feeding the confederate army.

27
Cattle Continued

• The open range allowed cattle to be driven
  through the best water and grass trails.
• The profit motive.
• Railroads also played a major role in the rise of
  the cattle kingdom.
• FACTORS IN THE DECLINE OF THE CATTLE KINGDOM
  Railroads also played a role in the decline.

28
Decline Continued

• Over supply of the market.
• The closing of the open range.
• In 1874 Joseph Glidden perfected the Barb wire
  and began manufacturing by 1880 600 miles daily
  of wire.
• A three year period that weather-wise the farms
  and cattlemen were hit hard the years
  1885-1886-1887.

29
The Far West

• The Mining Frontier
• Hispanics, Chinese and Anglos
• Anglo-Hispanic Conflict
• Mexican Migrants
• The Chinese Migrants
• Anti-Chinese Agitation

30
The Unhappy Husbandmen

• The American farmer has had a unique and
  difficult place in American History. By the
  1860s and 1870s their lot was getting more
  difficult. The farmers saw the need to unionize
  in the face of so overwhelming odds.
• There were four factors oppressing the farmer at
  this time Banks.

31
Factors Continued

• Also oppressing the farmers were the
• Railroads
• middle man
• loneliness

32
Farmers Continued

• Oliver Hudson Kelly in 1867 founded the National
  Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. The original
  concept of the Grange was a pure social
  organization. Kelly was a mason and he
  fashioned the organization on that basis.
• By 1874 there were 1,500,000 members in the
  grangers.

33
Grangers Continued

• After a few months of socializing they moved in
  co-operatives, producing farming implements and
  other such items.
• Then they moved into politics. Soon the grangers
  dominated the legislatures of Illinois,
  Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota.

34
A Local Granger meeting in Edwardsville Illinois
1874
35
(No Transcript)
36
Decline of Grangers

• Munn v. Illinois (1877) the most important of the
  granger cases in which the Supreme Court
  sustained State regulation of grain elevator
  rates, in the public interest in private
  business.
• In the Peik v. Chicago and North Western Railroad
  the Supreme Court held that the Grangers Laws
  did not violate interstate commerce.

37
Decline Continued

• The Wabash Case (1886) the Supreme Court
  reversed its decision in the Peik Case, ruling
  that states had no right to fix rates on
  shipments passing beyond their borders. This in
  effect ended state regulations of nearly all
  traffic crossed state lines.
• The Co-operatives then began to fail.
• Then the social aspect also lost interest.

38
Rise of Alliance Movement

• The collapse of the Grangers led to the rise of
  the Farmers Alliances movement in the United
  States.
• There was the Northern Alliance
• Southern Alliance
• Black Alliance
• Agricultural Wheel
• Mostly a clearing house for information.