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Introduction to Ecological Pest Management

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Title: Introduction to Ecological Pest Management


1
Introduction to Ecological Pest Management
  • Origins from IPM - Integrated Pest Management

2
Different Periods of Civilization
  • 1. Stone Age, Iron Age - dawn of civilization
    because of agriculture.
  • 2. Switch from hunting to agriculture and
    cultural change about 10,000 years ago.
  • 3. Mechanical age (1700s)- rise of machines.
  • 4. Chemical age - 1940s - Schradan,
    organophosphates, DDT other chlorinated
    hydrocarbons like chlordane, lindane, etc.
  • 5. Biological/Ecological Age - understanding of
    ecological processes - Organic Agriculture,
    identity preserved agriculture.

3
Era of Stewardship
  • 1. Rachel Carsons Silent Spring - problem of
    over reliance on pesticides and a shift to IPM.
  • 2. Based on ecological knowledge, we can learn to
    live within certain ecological boundaries or
    footprint.
  • 2. How we produce food and grow soil will
    determine the stability of our civilization.
  • 3. Civilizations that ignored agriculture are now
    in the dustbin.

4
Integrated Pest Management
  • 1. Proper identification of pests in
    agroecosystem.
  • 2. Defined management unit.
  • 3. Develop pest management strategy based on
    goals (usually market driven).
  • 4. Develop reliable monitoring techniques.
  • 5. Establish Economic Threshold (ET).
  • 6. Evolve predictive and descriptive models.

5
Ecological Pest Management
  • 1. Proper Identification of pests in
    agroecosystem or ecosystem.
  • 2. Management unit - garden or ecosystem.
  • 3. Pest Management strategy is to use naturally
    based controls to establish long term control of
    pests - ecological goal.
  • 4. Develop reliable monitoring techniques.
  • 5. Establish Economic Threshold. (ET)
  • 6. Evolve predictive and descriptive models.

6
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Pest -

7
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Pest - organism that competes with humans for
    some resource. Many insect/weed/disease pests are
    of foreign origin.
  • - not all pests are bad and not all pest damage
    is bad
  • - tolerate pests - what level can we live with?
  • Pests can be managed.
  • Management is people oriented!

8
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Management -

9
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Management - ability to influence people and in
    this case, it is the people who control the pest
    - farmers, landowners, park service personnel,
    etc.
  • Pest Management -

10
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Pest Management - intelligent selection and use
    of pest control tactics.
  • - ensures favorable economic, ecological, and
    social consequences.
  • Pest control tactics?

11
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • Pest control tactics
  • 1) Monitor pest populations
  • 2) Import/Conservation/Release of Beneficials.
  • 3) Pesticides are last resort! Use of selective,
    biorationals.
  • Or, when you scout
  • 4) No action is necessary!

12
Definitions for IPM/EPM
  • What is Integrated Pest Management?
  • Optimization of pest control in an ecologically
    and economically sound manner.
  • Multiple tactics are used to keep pest damage
    below the Economic Injury Level (EIL) while
    protecting humans, animals, plants, and the
    ENVIRONMENT.
  • Viable environment is primary.

13
Integrated Pest Management
  • Originally, many people, from farmers to
    homeowners followed rigorous spray schedules
    based on the development of the crop regardless
    of whether the pest was there or not - no
    sampling involved.
  • Resistance - many insects, Aedes mosquitoes -
    DDT, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin
  • This killed the parasites, pathogens and
    predators - beneficials were eliminated and pests
    exploded plus we got secondary pest resurgence.
  • Environmental contamination - DDT bioaccumulates
    other chemicals like endocrine disruptors
    herbicides and fungicides (mercury).

14
Pattern of Crop Protection
  • 1. Subsistence Phase.
  • 2. Exploitation Phase - farmers use chemicals to
    kill pests become dependent upon pesticides
  • 3. Crisis phase - resistance, secondary pest
    resurgence increased production costs -
    pesticide treadmill
  • 4. Disaster Phase - collapse of profit/market and
    also of the existing control program
  • 5. Integrated Control Phase - accept ecological
    factors into the control plan

15
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agricultural Ecosystem - understand
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem - farmscape
  • C. Cost/Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance

16
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agroecosystem -
  • Simpler than a natural ecosystem
  • Less resilient than natural ecosystem.
  • Certain pests have alternate hosts and patterns
    of infestation that need to be considered.

17
Concepts of Pest Management
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem
  • Anticipate pest problems
  • Integrate crop production and protection
  • Farmscaping, beneficial overwintering sites
    cover crops and no-till production schemes.

18
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agricultural Ecosystem - understand
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem - farmscape
  • C. Cost/Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance

19
Concepts of Pest Management
  • C. Cost Benefit and Benefit/Risk - pest control
    decisions have a personal bias.
  • 1. Cost/Benefit - unnecessary treatments versus
    information - Pest scouting and Cooperative
    Extension Service Bulletins
  • Information can reduce pesticide use and cost
  • Information can be substituted for pesticides
  • Scouting - more field time, but very effective.

20
Concepts of Pest Management
  • C. Cost Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • Gain Threshold Management costs (/acre)
    divided by market value (/unit) equals units per
    acre.
  • Enterprise Budget for Crop Broccoli

21
Concepts of Pest Management
  • C. Cost Benefit and Benefit/Risk Benefit/Risk -
    social economics of pesticides or other control
    measures.
  • Relevant Economics versus risk in pest control -
    Fundamental to Pest Management!
  • Highly toxic pesticides - risks to handlers,
    workers, environment, and society.
  • Estimated environmental costs of pesticides
  • Economic Injury Level (EIL)

22
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Economic Injury Level predicts yield loss based
    on present densities and damage.
  • EILC/VID
  • EIL insects per production unit
  • C cost of the management activity/production
    unit
  • V market value per unit of yield (/lb).
  • I Injury units per pest production unit
  • D damage per unit of injury.

23
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Damage versus yield reduction - quantify this -
    thresholds for allowable damage.
  • Economic Injury Level - is it a pest or not?
    Estimate of what density that can be tolerated
    without significant crop loss.
  • EIL-lowest population density that will cause
    economic damage - loss caused by pest equals the
    cost of control

24
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Environmental EIL
  • EILPC-EC/VDIK
  • PC pesticide application costs
  • EC environmental costs
  • D yield loss as a function of total crop injury
  • I crop injury per pest density
  • K proportionate reduction in injury from
    pesticide use

25
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Economic Threshold (ET) - action threshold -

26
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Economic Threshold (ET) - action threshold -
  • Pest density at which control measures should
    be applied to prevent an increasing pest
    population from reaching the EIL.
  • ET is always lower than the EIL.

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29
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Determining EIL ET - complex - bioclimatology,
    biocontrol, host plant resistance and
    environmental consequences of applied controls.
  • EIL can vary from area to area, crop variety
  • EIL goes down as crop value goes up plus
    consumer standards. Tree fruits, sweet corn,

30
Concepts of Pest Management
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • Individual Growers EIL (no external costs)
  • 1. Amount physical damage is related to various
    pest densities.
  • 2. Monetary value and production costs of the
    crop at various levels of physical damage.
  • 3. Monetary loss associated with various levels
    of physical damage
  • 4. Amount of physical damage that can be
    prevented by the control measure
  • 5. Monetary value of the portion of the crop that
    can be saved by the control measure
  • 6. Monetary cost of the control measure.

31
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agricultural Ecosystem - understand
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem - farmscape
  • C. Cost/Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance

32
Concepts of Pest Management
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • Ecological Balance - increase numbers of natural
    enemies.
  • Natural enemies have to have food in order to
    stick around - pest residue for natural enemies
    to be lower than the ET.
  • Suppress pests but dont annihilate it.

33
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agricultural Ecosystem - understand
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem - farmscape
  • C. Cost/Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance

34
Concepts of Pest Management
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • Routine - spray by calendar versus treat when
    necessary driven by data.
  • Treatments based on NEED.

35
Concepts of Pest Management
  • A. Agricultural Ecosystem - understand
  • B. Planning the Agroecosystem - farmscape
  • C. Cost/Benefit and Benefit/Risk
  • D. Tolerance of Pest Damage
  • E. Leaving a Pest Residue (residual population)
  • F. Timing of Treatments
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance

36
Concepts of Pest Management
  • G. Public Understanding and Acceptance
  • Educate the public about pest management
  • Extension - Richard Boylan! Fortunate to have
    him here. Full of great information.
  • Take advantage of what Extension has to offer.
  • Scientific/Social Judgement - how should control
    be achieved?
  • Education of clientele - most important
    challenge. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Gypsy Moth,
    Emerald Ash Borer, Asian Longhorn Beetle,
    Japanese beetle - area wide control.

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