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Forest Management

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Original Power Point Created by Melinda Goplin ... introduced predator insects ex)ladybug, ants. Chemical Control. insecticides, fungicides ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Forest Management


1
Forest Management
  • Diseases and Pests
  • that effect a good harvest stand

Original Power Point Created by Melinda
Goplin Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office June 2002
2
What is a Disease?
  • Definition
  • disorder that is caused by something specific
    with consistant symptoms.
  • Types of Diseases
  • Abiotic
  • nonliving agent cause
  • Biotic
  • living agent causes
  • fungus, bacteria, parasite, virus, nematodes

3
Fungus
  • Most destructive in forests
  • Threadlike plants that do not make their own
    food.
  • Parasitic- when taking food from a living tree
  • Saprophytic- when taking food from dead trees to
    aid in humus production.

4
Biotic Diseases of Trees
5
Wood Rots
  • Cause
  • Fungus decay in trees
  • Break down cellulose and lignin in cell walls
  • Very harmful because they are hard to detect from
    the outside of a living tree.
  • 2 Types
  • White Rot- break down of cellulose and lignin in
    the cell walls.
  • Brown Rot- only break down cellulose
  • 70 of all timber lost

6
Biotic Disease continued...
  • Symptoms
  • Conk- specialized growth on outside containing
    fungal spores spread when opened.
  • Look like mushrooms growing on the sides of the
    trunk
  • Prevention
  • Prevent scaring of trees
  • Rotate harvest age
  • Harvest more frequently in mixed age forests
  • Using these methods doesnt give fungus the
    chance to grow.

7
Canker
  • Cause
  • fungus entering through wounds in the bark
  • cause lesions that produce callus tissue and
    damage the woody tissue of the tree, making it
    less valuable
  • Symptoms
  • weak trees
  • decay for no apparent reason
  • lesions may be present

8
Canker
  • Treatment
  • Eliminate infected trees from the stand
  • Prevention
  • avoid scaring trees
  • discard infected trees

Fungus
9
Rust
  • White Pine Blister
  • fungus disease that contain different spores
    effects trees, currents, and gooseberries.
  • White Pine and Oak is very susceptible
  • Fusiform
  • fungal disease that affects Southern Pine and
    some Oak.

10
Rust continued...
  • Treatment/Prevention
  • fungicidal treatments
  • plant resistant varieties
  • rid host plants
  • All fungi that causes rust spends its live on
    two different unrelated host plants
  • Symptoms
  • spotted red or brown discoloration of stems
    and/or leaves
  • may infest in cones, needles, and stems of
    conifers
  • infest only leaves of certain hardwoods

11
Wilt
  • Cause
  • fungus invades and grows in the vessles of the
    xylem tissue.
  • Why is this harmful?
  • EX) Dutch Elm Disease is a form of wilt.
  • Treatment/Prevention
  • Eliminate insects as they spread disease
  • discard infected trees
  • be award of root graft
  • tree roots grow together underground

12
Notice that the oak trees affected by wilt
will drop their leaves in the middle of summer.
All three trees in picture show signs of wilt
13
Sunscald
  • Cause
  • direct sunlight for extended amount of time
  • freezing temps followed by a few days of hot sun
    in late winter/early spring
  • Symptoms
  • bark damage
  • color change
  • Prevention/Treatment
  • None
  • weather related

14
Insects
Moth
  • Types of Damage
  • Bark Borers
  • Defoliators
  • Root Feeders
  • Terminal Feeders
  • Sucking Insects

spittlebug
15
Bark Borers
  • Bore tunnels into bark and woody parts
  • Female lays eggs in tunnels
  • Larvae feed on xylem and phloem tissues
  • Why is this a big deal?

16
Defoliators
  • Insects feed off leaves and needles
  • Few insects can completely remove foliage from
    tree in a single season
  • How does this affect the tree?
  • Birch, Maple (both black and sugar)

17
Root Feeders
  • Destroy the rooting tissue when tender and
    prevent growth.
  • Insects include wireworms, grubs, weevil
  • Why is this a concern?

18
Terminal Feeders
  • Insects that feed on terminal leaders
  • terminal leaders determine which way a branch
    will grow
  • Cause deformities in branches and quality of
    trunk is reduced.
  • Insects include Pine moth and weevil

19
Sucking Insects
  • Insects equipped with mouthparts that imbed into
    the leaves and suck out all the chlorophyll and
    produce honeydew.
  • Why is this bad??
  • Insects include Aphids, mites, leafhoppers,
    lice, scales, cicadas, spittlebugs
  • Affects all trees

Aphid
20
Air Pollution
  • Abiotic disease caused by Sulfur and Nitrogen
    compounds given off by exhaust fumes and
    factories
  • Damage occurs in leaves and effects
    photosynthesis

21
How can we control these problems?
  • Mechanical/Biological Control
  • remove dead, decayed trees
  • invite birds into territory
  • introduced predator insects ex)ladybug, ants
  • Chemical Control
  • insecticides, fungicides
  • must be careful when applying

22
Integrated Pest Management
  • IPM makes use of all methods in a safe way
  • depends on the use of natural insects first then
    adds other defense mechanisms
  • Encourages genetically engineered resistant crops
    to be planted
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