Comparison of Ground-Based Measurements and the ARCTAS Flights Over Eureka

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Comparison of Ground-Based Measurements and the
ARCTAS Flights Over Eureka

• Kimberly Strong
• Department of Physics, University of Toronto
• With contributions from C. Adams1, R.
  Batchelor1, J.R. Drummond2, W. Daffer3, P.F.
  Fogal1, A. Fraser1, F. Kolonjari1, R.
  Lindenmaier1, G. Manney3, K.A. Walker1, M.A.
  Wolff1, A. Manson4, C. Meek4, T. Chshyolkova4,
  S. Polavarapu5, M. Reszka5, M. Neish1,
  A.Robichaud6, J. de Grandpré6, M. Roch6, S.
  Chabrillat7, S. Beagley8, S. Barthlott9, T.
  Blumenstock9, F. Hase9, J. Klyft10, A.
  Strandberg10, J. Mellqvist10, N. ONeill11, D.
  Wunch12, P. Wennberg12
• (1) Department of Physics, University of
  Toronto, Toronto, ON
• (2) Department of Physics Atmospheric Science,
  Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
• (3) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
  Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
• (4) Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies,
  University of Saskatchewan, SK
• (5) Environment Canada, Downsview, ON
• (6) Environment Canada, Dorval, Quebec
• (7) Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy,
  Brussels, Belgium
• (8) Department of Earth and Space Science and
  Engineering, York University, North York, ON
• (9) Institute for Meteorology and Climate
  Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and
  University Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
• (10) Chalmers University of Technology,
  Göteborg, Sweden
• (11) Universite Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec
• (12) California Institute of Technology,
  Pasadena, CA, USA
• ARC-IONS Data Workshop, 7-8 January 2009, Toronto

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The PEARL at Eureka

• Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory
• Formerly Env. Canadas Arctic Stratospheric Ozone
  Observatory
• Run by the Canadian Network for Detection of
  Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) since August 2005
• Three facilities PEARL ridge lab, ØPAL, and
  SAFIRE
• Located on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (80N,
  86W)
• 15 km from Eureka Weather Station
• 1100 km from North Pole

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PEARL Research Themes

• PEARL research is divided into four themes
• Arctic Troposphere Transport and Air Quality
• The Arctic Radiative Environment
• Impacts of Clouds, Aerosols and Diamond Dust
• Middle Atmospheric Chemistry in the Arctic
• Waves and Coupling Processes
• Other significant research activities
• Satellite Validation
• Sudden Events

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PEARL Instruments

• PEARL
• Stratospheric Ozone Lidar
• Bruker 125HR FTS
• UV-Visible Spectrometer
• Michelson Wind Interferometer (ERWIN)
• Spectral Imaging Interferometer (SATI)
• All Sky Imager
• Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS)
• Cimel Sun Photometer
• Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance
  Interferometer (E-AERI)
• Meteorological instruments
• Brewer Spectrophotometer (EC)

• ØPAL
• Millimeter Cloud Radar
• High Spectral Resolution Lidar
• Meteor Radar
• Polar Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer
  (P-AERI)
• Microwave H2O radiometer
• Tropospheric Ozone Lidar
• Rayleigh/Mie/Raman Lidar
• Cimel Sun Photometer
• Precipitation Sensor Suite
• SAFIRE
• VHF radar
• BSRN
• Flux Tower

Green currently installed Blue guest
instrument
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Arctic Middle Atmosphere Chemistry

• Science Questions
• What is the chemical composition of the Arctic
  stratosphere above PEARL?
• How and why is it changing with time?
• How is it coupled to dynamics, microphysics, and
  radiation?
• What is the polar stratospheric bromine budget?
• Significant source of uncertainty
• BrO ClO cycle estimated to contribute up to
  half chemical loss
• How will the polar stratosphere respond to
  climate perturbations?
• Particularly while Cl and Br loading is high
• How will changes in atmospheric circulation
  affect polar ozone?
• Cooling (more ozone depletion) or warming (less)?

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UV-Visible Spectrometer

• New PEARL-GBS instrument installed in August 2006
• Side-by-side with UT-GBS instrument (10th Arctic
  campaign)
• Recently installed sun-tracker for multi-axis
  scanning and direct solar observations ? greater
  tropospheric sensitivity
• Daily automated zenith-sky measurements
• O3, NO2, BrO, OClO columns

2008
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First Two Years of O3 and NO2
C. Adams, A. Fraser
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PEARL Bruker FTS

• PEARL Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier Transform
  Spectrometer installed July 2006
• Daily semi-automated solar infrared absorption
  measurements
• Need direct sun - late February to late October
• Solar tracker
• High spectral resolution (up to 0.0024 cm-1)
• InSb and MCT detectors, KBr beamsplitter
• Vertical profiles and columns retrieved using
  optimal estimation (SFIT2 v3.92c)
• Reactive species, source gases, reservoirs,
  dynamical tracers
• O3, NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2, HCl, OClO, HF, N2O,
  CFCs, CO, CH4, C2H6, HCN, OCS, CO2, ...

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The First Two Years of FTS Data
Red boxes indicate spring 2007 spring 2008

• O3
• HF a tracer
• HCl chlorine reservoir
• ClONO2 chlorine reservoir
• HNO3nitrogen reservoir

R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier
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Spring 2007 FTS Data
2007 The vortex was above Eureka for a large
part of the campaign.
O3 HClchlorine reservoir HF a tracer HNO3
nitrogen reservoir ClONO2chlorine
reservoir sPV
R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier sPV data - G.
Manney W. Daffer PV plot - A. Dornbrack
ECMWF
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Spring 2008 FTS Data
2008 Sudden stratospheric warming in
mid-February and very little vortex activity
above Eureka during March
O3 HClchlorine reservoir HF a tracer HNO3
nitrogen reservoir ClONO2chlorine
reservoir sPV
Mar 13
R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier sPV data - G.
Manney W. Daffer PV plot - A. Dornbrack
ECMWF
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IASOA and NDACC Stations
IASOA International Arctic Systems for
Observing the AtmosphereNDACC Network for
Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change
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Other Arctic FTS Stations

• Six NDACC FTS instruments are located north of
  60º
• Network for the Detection of Atmospheric
  Composition Change
• Poker Flat, Kiruna, Harestua, Ny Alesund, Thule,
  Eureka

R. Batchelor Kiruna S. Barthlott, T.
Blumenstock, F. Hase Harestua J. Klyft, A.
Strandberg, J. Mellqvist
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Spring 2007 Arctic Vortex

• Polar vortex edge at 600 K (22 km) identified
  using Q diagnostic
• a measure of the rotation and strain in a wind
  field

Days 1 to 100, 2007 Data and movie by Chris Meek
(U. Sask) A. Manson, C. Meek, T. Chshyolkova
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The First Two Years of FTS Data
Tropospheric Species

• CO
• C2H6
• HCN
• CH4
• N2O

R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier
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April 2008 Smoke Event Sunphotometer OD and
Bruker FTS CO
CO abundances from 0 to 10 km. CO is a well
known trace-gas indicator of smoke C2H6 (another
smoke indicator) was well correlated with CO and
is not shown.
Sunphotometer data Norm ONeill (U Sherbrooke),
FTS data Rebecca Batchelor
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NASA DC-8 and P-3 spiral over Eureka, April 8
2008 1600Z
DC-8 Flight Path
Plots by Debra Wunch, Caltech/JPL
Photos courtesy of Rich DeVall, Environment Canada
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Trial Near IR Measurements

• 8 April 2008 tests during ARCTAS campaign - NASA
  DC-8 and P-3 research aircraft flew spirals over
  Eureka
• Used CaF2 beamsplitter and InSb detector (not
  standard TCCON configuration)

Measurements by Rebecca Batchelor U of Toronto
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Eureka Near IR - Example Fit
April 5, 2008trial measurements
Plots and analysis by Debra Wunch, Caltech/JPL
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IPY Models and Measurements

• To have any hope of understanding the current
  global climate and what might happen in future
  the science community needs a better picture of
  conditions at the poles and how they interact
  with and influence the oceans, atmosphere and
  land masses. Existing climate models do not work
  well in the polar regions...
• IPY website http//classic.ipy.org/about/what-i
  s-ipy.htm
• Special IPY model runs have been produced for
  2007/2008
• Comparing measurements to models allows us to
  assess how well these model runs are simulating
  conditions near the poles
• Models can be used to help interpret measurements
• dynamically versus chemically
• in relation to the Arctic as a whole

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IPY Data Assimilation Models

• The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model Data
  Assimilated (CMAM-DA)
• 96 x 48 points covering the globe, with 71 layers
  from the troposphere (high resolution) to the
  mesosphere (3 km resolution)
• Stratospheric gas phase chemistry
• Tropospheric methane chemistry only
• 3D-Var FGAT assimilation of meteorological fields
• Environment Canadas Global Environmental
  Multiscale stratospheric model, run with the BIRA
  (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) online
  chemistry package (GEM-BACH)
• 1.5 degree (240 x 120) resolution, 80 levels with
  a lid at 0.1 hPa
• A hybrid model, with the benefits of
  meteorological assimilation from GEM-Meso-Strato
  and the advantages of an online chemistry package
  executed every time step
• 3D-Var FGAT assimilation of meteorological fields

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Stratospheric N2O Comparisons
R. BatchelorModel data provided by the GEM-BACH
and CMAM teams.
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Stratospheric O3 Comparisons
R. BatchelorModel data provided by the GEM-BACH
and CMAM teams.
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Summary

• PEARL site is now well established at Eureka
• First two years of data from UV-visible FTS
  instruments
• Measurements of O3, CO, CO2, BrO, and other gases
  during spring 2008 ARCTAS campaign
• Analysis and interpretation is ongoing
• Spring measurements require careful
  interpretation
• Polar vortex dynamics tend to dominate observed
  concentrations
• IPY meteorologically assimilated models GEM-BACH
  and CMAM-DA generally do
• A good job of reproducing stratospheric chemistry
• A very good job of reproducing stratospheric
  dynamics
• Other model and satellite comparisons underway
• GEOS-Chem, SLIMCAT, KASIMA, ACE, AIRS, Aura, ...

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Acknowledgements

• CANDAC and PEARL are supported by
• AIF/NSIRT, CFCAS, CFI, CSA, EC, GOC-IPY, MRI,
  MSC, NSERC, OIT, PCSP, SEARCH
• The Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaigns are
  supported by
• CSA, EC, NSERC, NSTP, CGCS
• Logistical and operational support at Eureka is
  provided by
• CANDAC/PEARL Principal InvestigatorJames R.
  Drummond
• PEARL Site Manager Pierre Fogal
• The CANDAC operators
• The wonderful team at ECs Weather Station
• The GEM-BACH and CMAM-DA teams
• The EU projects GEOMON and SCOUT-O3
• NASA and ARCTAS