Genetic material :

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?????.?????? ??????
?????????????????????????
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• Genetic material -
• DNA
• RNA

(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
(Ribonucleic acid)
Nucleic acid
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Meischer
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
Nuclein ???????
Nucleic acid
?? Phosphorus ??????????????

• ??????????????? (phosphate group)

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Kossel
?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? (base) ???????????
Nitrogenous base (base)
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????????????????? (Nitrogenous bases)

• ?????? (purine)
• ??????? (Adenine)
• ?????? (Guanine)

• ????????? (pyrimidine)
• ????? (Thymine)
• ??????? (Cytosine)

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Purine
Pyrimidine
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P.A.Levene (1911)
??????????????????????carbohydrate ????? 5
???????????????????? ???????????? (Pentose sugar)
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Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose sugar
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?????????????????????????

• ????????????????? (Nitrogenous bases)
• ????????????? 5 ????? (pentose sugar)
• ??????????????? (phosphate group)

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DNA

• 1. Nitrogenous bases
• Purine- Adenine, Guanine
• Pyrimidine- Thymine, Cytosine
• 2. Pentose sugar
• Deoxyribose sugar
• 3.Phosphate group

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Nucleotide
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????????????????????

• Erwin Chargaff Paper
  chromatography
• W. Cohn Ion exchange
• Wilkin Frankin X-ray diffraction
• Watson Click

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Erwin Chargaff Paper chromatography
Purine Pyrimidine Adenine Thymine Guanine
Cytosine
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W. Cohn Ion exchange
Nucleotide ?????????????????????????? ????????
Polynucleotide
3,5-Phophodiester bond
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???????????(????????????????????? 5
?????????????????????)?????????????????????
?????????????????????????(?????????????????????
3) ???????????????????????
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Wilkin Frankin X-ray diffraction
?????????????????? ???????????????????? (helix)
?????????????????????????????????????????????
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Watson Click
Double helix
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DOUBLE HELIX

• ?????????? ???????????????? 2 ????????????????
  ??????????????? (anti-parallel)
  ?????????????????????????? (H-bond)
  ????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? A -
  T, G - C

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DOUBLE HELIX

• ???????????????? ?????????????????? 20Ao
• ?? 1 ??? (360 ????) ?????????????????? 10 ???
  ??? 34 Ao
• ????????????????????????? 36 ???? ??????????
  3.4Ao

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5
3
3
5
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B Form
A Form
Z Form
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???????????????????

• DNA ???????????????????????? 2 nm.
• ?????? octamer histone core ?????? 2 ??? ????????
  nucleosome ???????????????????????????? 11 nm.
• ???? histone H1 ??????? DNA linker
  ????????????????? 1 ????? 6 nucleosomes
  ????????????????????????? 30 nm.

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DNA
2nm
11nm
30nm
Loop domain
300nm
700nm
Metaphase chromosome
1,400nm
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???????? H1 histone ?????????? DNA Linker
Octamer histone core ?????? ???? ?????? histone
4 ???? ??????? 2 ??????? ??? H2a, H2b, H3, H4
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metaphase chromosome
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Nucleolus
Satellite Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR) short
arm centromere long arm
CHROMOSOME
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???????? CHROMOSOME

• ??????????????
• AUTOSOME
• SEX CHROMOSOME

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???????? CHROMOSOME

• ??????????????????????? (centromere)
• telocentric
• submetacentric
• acrocentric
• metacentric

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Acentric ftagment
???????????????????????????????
Dicentric chromosome
???????????????? ????????????????????????????????
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????????????? Chromosome number

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????? 2 ??? ????????
  diploid (2n) ???????????????????(sperm)
  ????????????????????(ovum)
• ????????????????????????????? (gamete)???????????
  ?????? haploid (n)

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?????????????

• Human (Homo sapiens) 46
• Garden pea ( Pisum sativum) 14
• Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 8
• House mouse ( Mus musculus) 40
• Round worm (Ascaris sp.) 2

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?????????????

• Pigeon (Columba livia) 80
• Boa constrictor(Constrictor constrictor) 14
• Cricket (Gryllus domesticus) 22
• Lily ( Lilium longiflorum) 24
• Indian fern(Opbioglossum reticulatum) 1,260

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Karyotype
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Salivary gland chromosome Giant
chromosome Polytene chromosome
??????????????????????????????? 3 ???????
Hemiptera ??? Hymenoptera ???? ???????? ???????
???????????????????????????????? 1,000 ????
???????????????? endomitosis
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Endomitosis ??? ????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ??????????? synapsis ????????
??? ??????? centromere ??????????????????
chromocenter
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Endomitosis ?????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? (band)?????? (interband)
?????????
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Lampbrush chromosome
Xenopus sp.
Amphibian
First prophase
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RNA

• 1. Nitrogenous bases
• Purine- Adenine, Guanine
• Pyrimidine- Cytosine, Uracil
• 2. Pentose sugar
• Ribose sugar
• 3.Phosphate group

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???????????? RNA
Single strand
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??? DNA ???????????????????????? ???????????
mRNA ??????????? DNA ?????????????????????????????
?
???????
3
5
3
5