http://www.museum.guernsey.net/images/PB200640.jpg

1
http//www.museum.guernsey.net/images/PB200640.jpg
2
http//insects.tamu.edu/feature/museum/lepidoptera
_pop.html
3
Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice)
Ellers, J. Boggs, C. L. (2004) Evolutionary
genetics of dorsal wing colour in Colias
butterflies. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17
(4), 752-758
4
http//www.fruitfly.org/expression/immunity/figure
3.shtml
5
Gene segment of DNA on a chromosome coding for
a protein or RNA Allele
alternative state of a gene or trait Locus
location of a gene on a chromosome Mutation
change in a gene, either in DNA sequence or in
location Genotype genetic makeup of an
organism Phenotype physical appearance of an
organism Chromosome group of coiled DNA strands
containing genes Genotype X Environment
Phenotype
6
http//www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_10
/eyes.jpg
7
Drosopterin (pteridine) synthesis
http//biotech.biology.arizona.edu/labs/Drosophila
_teach.html
8
Four eye color genes are required for synthesis
of xanthommatin vermilion tryptophan
oxygenase cinnabar kynurenine 3
hydroxylase white and scarlet (transport/storage
mutations) Terle et al. 1989
Tryptophan Kynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine

tryptophan oxygenase
kynurenine 3 hydroxylase
Xanthommatin
https//neurorelief.com/images/articles/tryptophan
_kynurenine_pathway.gif
9
(No Transcript)
10
Brassica oleracea
Artificial selection
11
Mizuna greens
Brassica rapa
12
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles
http//www.extension.iastate.edu/NR/rdonlyres/BE71
2922-5CE9-45D3-AC37-B0F872A3E7CF/18392/9203AsiaLad
y.jpg
13
Forces that can change gene frequencies over time

• Genetic drift-- random processes that can change
  DNA sequences or stochastic processes such as
  subsampling of genotypes
• Gene flow--movement of organisms with different
  variants of a gene in and out of a population
• Natural selection--differential survival and
  reproduction of genotypes within a population

14
Evolution

• Changes in gene frequency over time