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The Animal Kingdom

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2) dorsal tubular nerve chord. 3) tail. evolutionary link between echinoderm and ... lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Animal Kingdom


1
The Animal Kingdom
  • The Chordates
  • Nancy G. Morris
  • Volunteer State Community College

2
Phylum Hemichordata
  • Hemichordata (hemi half chordata cord)
  • acorn worm
  • entirely marine
  • adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics
  • 1) pharyngial pouches
  • 2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
  • 3) tail
  • evolutionary link between echinoderm and
    chordates
  • ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
    echinoderms

3
Phylum Chordata
  • Subphylum Urochordata
  • (uro tail chordata cord)
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata
  • (cephalo head chordata cord)
  • Subphylum Vertebrata
  • (vertebrate backbone)

4
Phylum Chordata
  • All exhibit four chordata characteristics
  • 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
  • 2) notochord
  • 3) pharyngial pouches
  • 4) tail
  • Deutrostomes chordates echinoderms

5
Anatomy of a Chordate
6
Subphylum Urochordata
  • sea squirts or tunicates
  • notochord present only in free-swimming larvum
  • notochord does not extend into head
  • larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
  • adult is sessile filter feeder

7
Subphylum Urochordata
  • sea squirts or
  • tunicate
  • Campbell p 631
  • Settle after brief free-swimming larvum
    existence. Attaches at anterior end.
    Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail,
    notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

8
Subphylum Cephalochordata
  • head cord
  • lancelet or Amphioxus
  • notochord present throughout life extends into
    head region
  • shallow marine waters
  • chordate characteristics developed and apparent
    in adult
  • tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes
  • adults resemble tunicate larvum

9
Anatomy ofa lancelet
10
Cephalochordata lancelet
11
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • General Characteristics
  • chordates with a backbone
  • exhibit cephalization
  • closed circulatory system
  • neural crest (p. 633)

12
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Agnatha (without jaws)
  • lamprey parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping
    tongue
  • hagfish mainly scavengers
  • no paired appendages
  • larvum resembles lancelet

13
Agnatha a sea lamprey
14
Lamprey mouth
15
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
  • flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened
    by calcium granules
  • sharks (internal fertilization)
  • oviparous egg laying
  • ovoviviparous retain fertilized eggs hatch
    within the uterus
  • viviparous young develop in the uterus
  • suspension-feeders (plankton)

16
Phylum Hemichordata
  • Hemichordata (hemi half chordata cord)
  • acorn worm
  • entirely marine
  • adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics
  • 1) pharyngial pouches
  • 2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
  • 3) tail
  • evolutionary link between echinoderm and
    chordates
  • ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
    echinoderms

17
Phylum Chordata
  • Subphylum Urochordata
  • (uro tail chordata cord)
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata
  • (cephalo head chordata cord)
  • Subphylum Vertebrata
  • (vertebrate backbone)

18
Phylum Chordata
  • All exhibit four chordata characteristics
  • 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
  • 2) notochord
  • 3) pharyngial pouches
  • 4) tail
  • Deutrostomes chordates echinoderms

19
Anatomy of a Chordate
20
Subphylum Urochordata
  • sea squirts or tunicates
  • notochord present only in free-swimming larvum
  • notochord does not extend into head
  • larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
  • adult is sessile filter feeder

21
Subphylum Urochordata
  • sea squirts or
  • tunicate
  • Campbell p 631
  • Settle after brief free-swimming larvum
    existence. Attaches at anterior end.
    Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail,
    notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

22
Subphylum Cephalochordata
  • head cord
  • lancelet or Amphioxus
  • notochord present throughout life extends into
    head region
  • shallow marine waters
  • chordate characteristics developed and apparent
    in adult
  • tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes
  • adults resemble tunicate larvum

23
Anatomy ofa lancelet
24
Cephalochordata lancelet
25
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • General Characteristics
  • chordates with a backbone
  • exhibit cephalization
  • closed circulatory system
  • neural crest (p. 633)

26
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Agnatha (without jaws)
  • lamprey parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping
    tongue
  • hagfish mainly scavengers
  • no paired appendages
  • larvum resembles lancelet

27
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
  • flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened
    by calcium granules
  • sharks (internal fertilization)
  • oviparous egg laying
  • ovoviviparous retain fertilized eggs hatch
    within the uterus
  • viviparous young develop in the uterus
  • suspension-feeders (plankton)

28
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Chondrichthyes
  • (cartilaginous fishes)
  • Rays skates
  • Bottom feeders mollusks crustaceans
  • Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

29
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Chondrichthyes
  • (cartilaginous fishes)
  • Rays skates
  • Bottom feeders mollusks crustaceans
  • Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

30
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Osteichthyes
  • (bony fishes)
  • Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix
  • Operculum- protective flap
  • Swim bladder controls buoyancy

31
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32
Seahorse
33
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Amphibia
  • (two lives)
  • first tetrapods
  • transition to land still tied to water for
    respiration and reproduction
  • Gills ? lungs (metamorphosis)
  • Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

34
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35
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36
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)
  • (to creep)
  • lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila
    monsters, crocodiles, alligators
  • first true land animal
  • Scales, lungs, amniotic egg
  • no feathers
  • cold-blooded ectotherms (energy conservation)

37
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38
Hatching reptile
39
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Fossil links
  • Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and birds
    Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile
  • Clawed forelimbs
  • Teeth
  • Long tail w/ vertebrae

40
Archaeopteryx
41
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Aves (bird)
  • feathered
  • few flightless ostrich, kiwi, emu
  • breastbone with keel carina permitting flight
  • jays, sparrows, warblers, etc

42
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43
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Mammalia (breast)
  • Hair or fur of keratin
  • Active metabolism endothermic
  • Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm
  • Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered heart
  • Layer of fat
  • Mammary glands, tooth differentiation

44
Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Mammalia (breast)
  • Monotremes egg-laying mammals (Platypuses
    echidnas spiny anteaters)
  • Placental mammals
  • Marsupial mammals kangaroo, opossum

45
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46
Marsupial PlacentalMammals
Marsupial Placental
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