Advanced Energy Design Guide K 12 Schools and Beyond''

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Advanced Energy Design Guide K 12 Schools and
Beyond..

• Terry E. Townsend, P.E., FASHRAE
• ASHRAE Presidential Member
• November 11, 2008

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Why Should Architects and Engineers be
Concerned?

• Buildings consume
• 40 of all energy used and 70 of electrical
  energy use
• 17 of all fresh water
• 25 of wood produced
• Buildings produce 33 of CO2 emissions
• Buildings generate 30 of waste in landfills

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Architects and engineers can minimize effects on
climate change and reduce dependency on imported
oil

• AEDG 30, 50 ? Net-Zero
• (ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC DOE)
• New Buildings (Free Downloads)
• Small Offices, Small Retail, K-12 Schools and
  Warehouses
• 1000 Downloads/day
• Highway Lodging and Healthcare Facilities
• 50 Guides K-12 and Warehouses
• Net-Zero-Energy Buildings

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Development

• Collaboration of Partner Organizations
• Management via Steering Group
• Volunteer team effort
• 13-16 Member Project Committees
• 3500 to 5000 person-hrs to develop each
• Reviewed multiple times during writing process

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Goal

• Present a way, but not the only way to build
  energy efficient buildings that use significantly
  less energy than those built to the minimum code
  requirements
• 30 energy savings when compared to
  ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Std 90.1-1999
• 30 progress toward a net zero energy building
• More advanced savings (50 and 70) documents to
  be covered later.

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Development Objectives

• Content Specific recommendations (prescriptive
  measures) and design strategies (how to
  implement tips)
• Target market contractors, design/build firms
  and designers
• Format document should be short, easy to use,
  and should contain how-to guidance
• Publication type special publication, subject to
  review, not a standard or code
• Produce a useful document in a timely manner
• Usable for LEED

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Analytical Approach

• Prototypes for representative
• K-12 schools elementary, middle, high school
• Space types Classroom, Hallway, Gym,
  Administration, Cafeteria, Media room,
  Auditorium, Speciality use
• Six HVAC systems in K-12 schools
• Recommendations by 8 DOE climate zones
• Hour-by-hour simulation using EnergyPlus
• Assure that 30 savings achieved in all 15
  climates analyzed within these zones

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Why 90.1-1999 as Base?

• 30 is first step in achieving a Net-Zero Energy
  Building as ultimate target
• 90.1-1999 represents design standard at the turn
  of the millennium
• Consistent base for all 30 design guides
• Average savings for AEDG-K12 ranges from 34-50
  relative to 90.1-1999 and 30-45 relative to
  90.1-2004.

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Whats In the K-12 Guide?

• Foreword A Message to School Administrators and
  School Boards
• Section 1 Introduction Essentials of
  Achieving the Savings
• Section 2 - Integrated design process to achieve
  energy savings (how to integrate energy into the
  design of the building)
• Sections 3 4 - Recommendations by climate zone
  including example building designs (the
  specifics)
• Section 5 - How-to guidance for implementing
  recommendations (helpful hints and cautions)

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Section 2. Using an Integrated Design Approach to
Achieve Energy Savings

• A narrative discussion of the design and
  construction process that points out the
  opportunities for energy savings in each phase.
• Includes reference tables that leads the user
  through the process of identifying, selecting
  energy savings measures, and defining the
  responsible party to meet major energy design
  goals.

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Integrated Design Energy Goals Activities and
Responsibilities Defined in the Context of the

• Pre-Design Phase
• Design Phase
• Bidding and Construction Phase
• Acceptance Phase

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Section 3.Recommendations Tables

• Given by climate zone
• Combined energy savings based on systems
  approach where all recommendations are used
• Recommendations based upon many DOE2 and
  EnergyPlus simulations

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Recommendations by Climate Zones

• Climate zone highlighted on U.S. map in
  consistent color
• States covered by the climate zone are listed
  below the map
• Specific counties within the climate zone are
  listed for reference (no counties are split)

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Recommendation Tables

• Energy-saving recommendations for each climate
  zone contained on single small table - K12 is 2½
  pgs
• Tables color-coded to maps
• Prescriptive recommendations help to achieve
  energy savings without costly calculations or
  analysis

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Prescriptive Recommendations

• Envelope
• Roof
• Walls
• Floors
• Slabs
• Doors
• Vertical Fenestration
• Interior Finishes
• Interior Lighting two options
• Daylit
• Non-daylit

• HVAC
• DX
• WSHP
• Unit Ventilator and Chiller
• Fancoil Chiller
• Package Rooftop VAV
• VAV and Chiller
• Ventilation Systems
• Ducts
• Service Water Heating

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Envelope Recommendations

• Enhanced insulation levels for many assemblies
• Window-to-wall ratio (WWR) limited to 35
• Recommendations on window orientation
• (An SHGCn As SHGCs) gt (AeSHGCe AwSHGCw)
  
• (minimize window area on E-W)
• Exterior sun control recommendations (use of
  overhangs)

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Roof

• Zone 2 Zone 3
• Insulation entirely above deck R-25 ci R-25
  ci
• Metal bldg R-13 R-13 R-13 R-13
• Attic other R-38 R-38
• Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) 0.78 0.78
• ci continuous insulation
• No Rec means the more stringent of either 90.1
  or the local code requirements

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Walls

• Mass (HCgt7 Btu/ft2F)
• Metal bldg
• Steel framed
• Wood framed other
• Below grade walls
• HC Heat Capacity

• Zone 2 Zone 3
• R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci
• R-16 R-16
• R-13 R-13
• R-3.8 ci
• R-13 R-13
• No Rec No Rec

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Floors Slabs

• Mass
• Steel framed
• Wood framed other
• Unheated Slab
• Heated Slab

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Doors

• Swinging
• Nonswinging

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Interior Lighting

• Considerable attention given to daylighting
• Daylighting useful for increased performance of
  students and energy reduction
• Daylit and non-daylit options given for
  classrooms and gyms
• Glass divided into view glass (vertical
  fenestration) and daylighting glazing (sidelit,
  roof monitors and combined)

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Vertical Fenestration(View Glass)

• Total Fenestration to Gross Wall Area Ratio
• Thermal transmittance
• SHGC (all types orientations)
• Exterior sun control
• (S, E, W only)
• PF Projection Factor

• Zone 2 Zone 3
• 35 Max
• U-0.45
• 0.25
• PF gt 0.5

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Interior Lighting Daylit OptionDaylighting
Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio
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Interior Lighting Zone 2 Zone 3

• Daylit NonDaylit
• 1.2 1.1 0.9
• 75 85
• 50 50
• Manual On Auto-off - all rooms
• Dim fixtures within 15 ft of side-lighting and
  within 10 ft of top-lighting

• Lighting Power Density (LPD) (W/ft2 max)
• Light Source System Efficacy
• (mean lumens/watt min)
• Linear Fluorescent and HID
• All other sources
• Lighting Controls General
• Dimming Controls Daylight harvesting
• Efficacy Lumens/Watt

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HVAC Equipment and Systems

• Recommendations for Multiple System Types
• Packaged DX Rooftops or Split DX
• WSHP
• Unit Ventilator and Chiller System
• Fancoil and Chiller System
• Packaged Rooftop VAV System
• VAV and Chiller System

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations- Packaged DX
Rooftop or DX Split - Air Conditioning

• lt 65 kBtu/h (SEER)
• gt65lt135 KBtuh (EER)
• gt135 lt240 KBtuh (EER)
• gt240 KBtuh (EER/IPLV)
• Ventilation

• Zone 2 Zone 3
• 13 13
• 11.3 11.3
• 11.0 11.0
• 10.6/11.2 10.6/11.2
• Energy recovery or demand control

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations - Packaged DX
Rooftop or DX Split- Heating Zones 2 3

• Gas Furnace
• lt 225 KBtuh
• gt225 KBtuh
• Heat Pump
• 0-65 KBtuh (SEER/HSPF)
• gt 65135 KBtuh (EER/COP)
• gt 135 KBtuh (EER/IPLV/COP)
• HSPF Heating Season Performance Factor

• 80 AFUE or Et
• 80 Ec
• 13.0/7.7
• 10.6/3.2
• 10.1/11.0/3.1
• AFUE Annual Fuel Util. Efficiency
• Et Thermal Efficiency
• Ec Combustion Efficiency

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations - WSHP System
Zones 2 3

• Efficiency Cooling
  Heating
• Water Source lt 65 kBtu/h 12 EER _at_ 86F 4.5 COP at
  68F
• Water Source gt65 kBtu/h 12 EER _at_ 86F 4.2 COP at
  68F
• Ground Source lt65 kBtu/h 14.1/17 EER
  3.5/4.0 _at_77/59 F COP _at_
  32/50F
• Ground Source gt65kBtu/h 13/16 EER
  3.1/3.5
• _at_
  77/59 F COP _at_ 32/50F
• Gas Boiler 85 EC
• Ventilation DOAS with
  either energy recovery or
  
• demand control
• WSHP Duct Pressure Drop Total ESP lt 0.2

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations - Unit
Ventilator and Chiller System

• Zones 2 3
• Air-cooled Chiller Efficiency (EER/IPLV) SYSTEM
• Water-cooled Chiller Efficiency IS
• Gas Boiler NOT
• Economizer Unit Ventilator
  REC.
• Ventilation Unit Ventilator
• Pressure Drop

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations - Unit
Ventilator, Fancoil or VAV and Chiller System

• Zone 2 Zone 3
• Air-cooled Chiller Efficiency (EER/IPLV)
  10.0 /11.5
• Water-cooled Chiller Efficiency
  No Rec
• Gas Boiler 80 Ec 85
• Economizer Unit Ventilator VAV No Rec
  gt54 kBtu/h
• Economizer Fancoil
  No Rec
• Ventilation Unit Ventilator VAV
  Energy Recovery or
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  Demand Control
• Ventilation - Fancoil
  DOAS with either energy
  recovery or demand control
• Fancoil Pressure Drop
  Total ESP lt 0.2
• Fans (VAV)
  1.3 bhp/1000 cfm

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HVAC Equipment Recommendations - Packaged
Rooftop VAV
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Ventilation and Ductwork

• Fans Constant volume 1.0 bhp/1000 cfm
  Variable volume 1.3 bhp /
  1000 cfm
• Economizers needed down to 4.5 tons for several
  system types (DX, VAV, and UV)
• Dedicated OA System required on WSHP, FC/Chiller
  systems
• Motorized outside air damper control required
• Energy Recovery or demand controlled ventilation
  required
• Lower duct friction (design them better) (0.08in
  WC/100 ft)
• Interior only ductwork (reduce impact of possible
  leakage)
• Duct insulation R-6
• Ductwork sealing Class B

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Service Water Heating Zones 2 3

• Gas storage (gt75 kBtu/h) 90 Et
• Gas instantaneous 0.81EF or 81 Et
• Electric storage
• EF gt 0.99 -0.0012 volume
• Pipe d lt 1½ - 1 insulation
• Pipe d 1½ 1½ insulation
• EF Energy Factor

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Section 4. Case Studies

• Features real examples of advanced building
  energy designs used in schools
• Demonstrates flexibility offered in achieving
  advanced energy savings levels
• Text describes energy features used
• Tables given for energy savings features
  implemented and measured energy usage in each
  case study

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Section 5. How-To Implement Recommendations

• How tos organized by building system
• Good design practices
• Cautions
• References
• Each how to numerically referenced in
  recommendation tables
• Gives Good Design Practice i.e. The
  rules-of-thumb and should considers
• A greatly expanded section on daylighting

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Section 5. How-To Implement Recommendations

• Bonus Savings
• Electrical Distribution System
• Plug and Phantom Loads
• Ground Source Heat Pumps
• Thermal Storage
• Thermal Displacement Ventilation
• Photovoltaic Systems
• Energy Efficient Schools as a Teaching Tool
• Exterior Lighting

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How-to Guidance - Envelope
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How Much Energy Is Saved and Where Was It Saved?

• Simulated buildings at 15 locations to estimate
  the energy used by a building just meeting 90.1
  and then a building built to recommendations of
  AEDG.

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Representative Climate Locations
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Baseline Building

• When not specified by 90.1-1999
• Room thermostat
• Setpoint 75F cooling 70F heating
• Setback 80F cooling 65F heating
• Office equipment plug loads
• Schedules
• Energy Policy Act standards analysis
• Recent research and peer review
• Fan static pressure

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Advanced Building

• Envelope
• Enhanced insulations
• Cool roofs
• High performance windows and doors
• Overhangs for windows except facing north
• Interior lighting
• Reduced installed lighting power density
• Daylighting harvest for WWR 25 or higher
• Daylighting dimming control on south and north
  perimeter zones
• Occupancy sensor

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Advanced Building

• Mechanical system
• Higher efficiency unitary equipment in some
  climate zones
• Motorized outside air damper control
• Demand controlled ventilation (DCV)
• Lower duct friction rate 0.08 in/100 ft vs. 0.10
  in/100 ft of standard practice
• Service water heater
• Higher thermal efficiency for gas-fired storage
  water heater or
• Gas-fired instantaneous water heater

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Prototype Schools
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Space Types in Prototype Schools
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Summary

• Provides simple, easy-to-use document
• Clear prescriptive path to 30 savings
• Recommendations easily found in a single table
• How-to tips and Bonus Savings
• Case Studies of Actual Applications
• Average savings for AEDGs over all climate zones
  is 37 relative to 90.1-1999 and 30 relative to
  90.1-2004

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Advanced Energy Guides for Existing
Buildings(ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC, BOMA, GSA
EPA)

• (Pub Target Audiences)
• 1st - Business owners and decision-makers
• 2nd - Operation and maintenance personnel
• 3rd - Technicians/designers
• (4 - Prescriptive Options)
• Achieve EUI of comparable facilities (30
  reduction)
• Achieve minimum 15 increase over comparable
  facilities EUIs
• Achieve Code-level EUI for type of facility
• Achieve 30 increase in energy efficiency over
  Code requirements

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Highlighting Innovative Technologies

• Help decision-makers in the building community
  learn about the latest developments in innovative
  technologies and energy-efficient design and
  operation
• Cases studies featured provide performance data,
  verifying actual sustainability performance
• www.HPBmagazine.org

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Building Energy Labeling

• Provide motivation for reducing energy use in
  commercial buildings by expressing the energy
  performance of buildings in a tangible way

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Example Building Label in Europe
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Energy Performance of Buildings, Overall Energy
Use, CO2 Emissions and Definition of Energy
Ratings

• Defines the uses of energy to be taken into
  account for setting energy performance ratings
  for new and existing buildings, and provides
• method for the operational rating, based on
  delivered energy.
• accounts for energy generated in the building
• gives general principles for primary energy
  factors and carbon dioxide emission factors.
• method for the asset rating a standard energy
  use that depends on occupant behavior, but
  accounts for actual weather and other actual
  (environment or input) conditions.

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ASHRAEs Building Code Energy Use Index Targets

• ASHRAE 90.1/189
• 2010 36 kbtuh/ft2/yr
• 2013 30
• 2016 25
• 2019 20
• 2022 15
• 2025 10
• 2028 5
• 2030 Net 0

• Architecture 2030
• 2010 36 btuh/ft2/yr
• 2015 27
• 2020 18
• 2025 9
• 2030 Net 0

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Net-Zero-Energy-Buildings

• Move industry toward Net-Zero-Energy Buildings
  (NZEB)
• - Conceptually, a building that has no adverse
  energy or environmental impact because of its
  operation
• - Net-Zero Site Energy
• measured at meter(s)
• encourages energy efficient building designs
  operations

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NZEB and NREL

• Assessment of the Technical Potential for
  Achieving Net-Zero-Energy Buildings In The
  Commercial Sector
• December 2007
• With current technologies and design practices ?
  62 of the U.S. commercial buildings could become
  Net-Zero-Energy-Buildings.

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NZEB and NREL

• (Reference Points TODAY TOMORROW)
• Energy Efficiency IBD ?EUI 29 kBTU/SF/yr
• PV Threshold to NZEB ?EUI 21 kBTU/SF/yr
• Projected Tech PV (to Grid) ?EUI 12.2
  kBTU/SF/yr

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NZEB and Beyond.

• Countdown to a Sustainable Energy Future
• Net-zero and Beyond
• March 29 31, 2009
• Hyatt-Regency at Fishermans Wharf
• San Francisco, CA

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Society Conferences

• 2009 Winter Conference, Chicago IL
• Jan. 24 28
• AHR Expo, Jan. 26 - 28
• 2009 Annual Conference, Louisville, KY
• June 20 - 24

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2009 Winter Conference Courses

• Testing, Adjusting Balancing Advanced
  Procedures
• Chilled Beam Technology
• Low Temp. Radiant Htg High Temp. Radiant
  Cooling Systems
• Overview of Business Mgmt for Engineers
• Understanding Standard 189.1P
• Installation of Residential Ventilation Systems
  (Standard 62.2)