The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

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The Prokaryotes Domains Bacteria and Archaea

• Chapter 11 Lecture 10

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Study Hints This is a detailed and technical
section!

• From these lecture notes and your text
• You are assigned to select one of groups
  (MARKED on STUDENT NOTES ONLY!)
• We will have sign ups in class on Tuesday.
• Research your group in depth
• Learn the significance of your specific group,
  the pathogenic species in it, or its ecological
  importance.
• Learn about what makes it unique, what other
  organisms it is related to, whatever is important
  about your group..
• Write a two to three page, double spaced, 12
  point font, paper. Cite your references with
  numbers as you write, then list the numbered
  references at the end of the paper in a
  Literature Cited section. Include an
  introduction, what defines the group, important
  species, historical information, who discovered
  the group for example
• Complete the content from your text book, the
  internet or other scholarly source.
• This project will potentially substitute a better
  grade for a low test score.
• This lecture forms the basis for much content
  which follows and identifies many of the major
  human pathogens.

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The First Domain

• Bacteria relatively few species of bacteria
  are harmful and life as we know it would be
  impossible without bacteria-many groups!
• Proteobacteria largest and most diverse
  group-gram _____________________,
  chemoheterotrophic forms
• Sub groups a (alpha),ß(beta), ?(gamma),d(delta,
  e(epsilon)

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a Proteobacteria

• As a group need only ____________________
• Many agriculturally important forms-symbiotic
  nitrogen fixation and plant and human pathogens
• Examples
• Azospirillum- fixes nitrogen-important in
  tropical grasses, sugar cane, and perhaps
  temperate plants like corn
• Acetobacter- makes vinegar, important
  industrially
• Rickettsia- Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted
  fever

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Rickettsias
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More a Proteobacteria

• Rhizobium and Agrobacterium Rhizobium-root
  nodules of legumes Agrobacterium infects plants
  by inserting a plasmid into the plants DNA!!
  Useful for transferring genes to plants
• Brucella brucellosis, survive phagocytosis
• Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas ammonia to nitrite
  to nitrate (used by plants)

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ß Proteobacteria

• Thiobacillus sulfur cycle use S, or H2S to
  make sulfates
• Various forms important in sewage treatment
• Burkholderia grows on 100 different organic
  molecules, may even grow in some ___________!
• Bordetella pertussis or ___________________
• Neisseria ______________ and meningococcal
  _______________________

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Neisseria
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? Proteobacteria

• Largest sub-group, with five sub sub groups,
  plus miscellaneous
• Misc.Francisella cause tularemia
• Pseudomonales
• G- aerobic _________--__________
• Pseudomonas- produce __________________, can be a
  pathogen
• Important in decomposition of chemicals
• Important in food spoilage as can grow at refrig
  temp.
• Can grow in ___________________ in hospitals
• Cause soils to lose nitrates as they release
  Nitrogen gas

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Pseudomonas
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More ? Proteobacteria

• More nitrogen fixers
• Moraxella Implicated in conjunctivitis
• Legionales
• Legionella Legionaires Disease-a type of
  pneumonia live in air conditioner cooling
  towers, warm water supply lines and can live
  within amoebae!
• Coxiella Q fever transmitted in aerosols or
  milk (Pasteurization)

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More ? Proteobacteria!

• Vibronales vibrios cause cholera and a serious
  form of gastroenteritis
• Enterobacterialesthe enterics
• Escherichia-common inhabitant of intestinal
  tract, in water indicates fecal contamination,
  not usually a pathogen
• Salmonella- lives in gut of poultry and
  cattle, can contaminate food, one species causes
  Typhoid Fever
• Shigella cause a severe dysentery

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Vibrios
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More Enterics

• Klebsiella soil and water, many fix nitrogen,
  can cause a serious pneumonia
• Serratia red pigment, contaminates saline
  irrigation solutions and other sterile items in
  hospitals-causes infections
• Proteus Spread across agar (motile) infect
  urinary tract and wounds
• Yersinia Plague, the Black Death, in rodents
  in the American SW, fleas or respiratory droplets
• Erwinia plant pathogens/
• Enterobacter hospital infections, in soil and
  water, animals and humans

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Proteus
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More ? Proteobacteria!!

• Pasteurales-
• Pasteurella septicemia and cholera of domestic
  animals and fowl
• Haemophilus (loves blood) important
  pathogen_________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _______________
• ________________________________________

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d Proteobacteria

• Some bacterial _____________ on other bacteria,
  some sulfur cycle contributors
• Bdellovibrio attaches to (like a leech-bdella)
  other G- bacteria and reproduces inside them,
  host cell is killed
• Desulfovibrionales found in anerobic sediments,
  and intestines of humans and animals
• Myxococcales-most complex life cycle of any
  bacteria-motile forms are predatory, like
  cellular slime molds (eukarya)

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Myxococcales
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e Proteobacteria

• Campylobacter 2 species-one causes spontaneous
  abortion in domestic animals, the other a
  foodborne intestinal disease
• Helicobacter Peptic Ulcers!

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Helicobacter pylori
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Purple and Green Photosynthetic bacteria

• Anoxygenic, Photosynthetic, anerobic, not
  necessarily green or purple!
• Live in deep sediments of lakes and ponds and use
  portions of the light not used by other
  photosynthesizers
• Diverse morphology
• Use ______ instead of H2O in their
  photosynthesis and produce granules of sulfur

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Purple Sulfur bacteria, Chromatium, accumulates S
instead of O2 .
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NonProteobacteria, G-

• Cyanobacteria tremendous importance to life on
  earth Oxygen and Nitrogen fixation
• Planctomyces (like plankton)
• Chlamydia different life cycle as they infect
  the cells of humans and animals
• 3 human diseases
• Trachoma-__________________
• And Nongonococcal urethitis-most common STD,
  and genital warts
• A type of ________________
• Psittacosis
• Spirochetes T___________( syphillis),
  B_______________(Lyme) L____________________

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Cyanobacteria
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydia
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Spirochetes
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More Nonproteobacteria G-

• Bacteroides anerobes, human intestinal tract
• ________________ from perforated bowel or
  ruptured appendix
• Fusobacteria-spindle shaped-found in
  ________________ (gums)-dental abcesses
• Others important in sewage treatment, and
  transforming plant oils to useful products

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Fusobacteria
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The Gram Positive Bacteria

• Two groups High ______ and low ______
• Low GC, G bacteria
• Mycoplasmas very small, no cell wall cause
  pneumonia, a type of urinary tract infection and
  plant diseases

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Mycoplasmas
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More Low GC, G bacteria

• Clostridiales
• Clostridium ____________ formers, _________
  cause Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, and a
  serious diarrhea
• Epulopiscium a giant-a million times larger than
  E.coli can be seen with the naked eye!
• Veillonella part of normal dental plaque

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Clostridium tetani
What are the swellings within the cells?
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Giant !! Epulopiscium
? Head of pin!
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More low GC, G bacteria

• Bacillales
• Bacillus rods, __________ formers
• Anthracis anthrax bio-warfare
• Thuringensis ________pathogen-used to prevent
  insect damage to plants-some other species which
  normally live on plant roots have been engineered
  to contain the genes for making the toxins!
• Cereus common in soils-causes food poisoning
  in starchy foods

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Bacillus spore germination
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More low GC, G bacteria

• Lactobacillales
• Lactobacillus common inhabitants of the
  _____________________ used in making sauerkraut,
  pickles, buttermilk and yoghurt
• Streptococcus long chains-pathogens!
• Pyogenes
• pharyngitis (______ throat) scarlet fever,
  impetigo,
• rheumatic fever and _____________
  ________________
• Mutans dental caries
• Pneumoniae _____________, _________________

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Streptococcus
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More low GC, G bacteriaMore Lactobacillales

• Staphylococcus grape-like clusters
• S.aureus- gold colonies-live in nasal
  secretions and skin. Also cured foods such as
  _________________. Tolerates low moisture and
  high osmotic pressure
• Rapidly becomes resistant to __________________
• Infects __________________________wounds
• ______________________________ syndrome
• Enterotoxin _____________ __________________
• Listeria contaminates food and dairy products,
  survives within phagocytes, and can grow at frig
  temp. Threatens unborn babies

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Staphylococcus aureus
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High GC, G bacteria

• Mycobacterium _________________
  ___________________ a unique cell wall
• Corynebacterium __________________
• Propionibacterium Swiss cheese!
• Gardnerella vaginitis

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Corynebacterium
The tendency to clump is important in the
pathogenesis of diptheria.
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High GC, G bacteria

• Actinomy________ filamentous bacteria-fungus-like
  in making externally carried asexual spores for
  reproduction
• Frankia nitrogen fixing nodules on alder trees
• Streptomyces soil odor is from these
  nearly 500 species MOST OF OUR commercial
  antibiotics!!!!
• Actinomy______ mouth and throat one form causes
  a tissue destroying infection of the head neck or
  lungs

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Streptomyces
? Our heros!!
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Archaea

• No ___________________ in cell walls
• Very diverse, both morphologically and
  physiologically
• Extreme Halophiles
• ___________________philes
• ___________________ogens

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Archaea
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Microbial Diversity

• This is BAD, but the truth is much, much worse!
• ________ species of bacteria have been identified
• But in ________ g of garden soil PCR indicates
  ______________________________ species!!!!
• New large ones which can be seen with the naked
  eye, and and very, very tiny ones! Some live a
  _____________________________________!!! Life
  elsewhere in the universe??
• On Planet Earth, Microbes RULE!