Blow,%20E,%20Meth%20and%20Ice:%20The%20Psychomotor%20Stimulants

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Blow, E, Meth and IceThe Psychomotor Stimulants

• Psychology 3506

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Introduction

• Amphetamine
• D and l, different isomers
• Both together, Benzadrine
• Just d, Dexedrine
• NMDA
• Ecstacy
• Methamphetamine
• Speed

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Introduction

• Methylphenidrate
• Ritalin
• Ephidrine
• natural
• Cocaine
• Coca leaves
• Cathinone
• Qat or chat or khat or whatever.

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Introduction

• All of these are psychomotor stimulants
• Operate on the monoamines
• E NE DA 5Ht
• Which monoamine and how depends on the drug

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Introduction

• Ecstacy and Speed Coke

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A Little History

• Coca leaves have been chewed for thousands of
  years in South America
• Active ingredient was isolated
• It cures everything and its fun!!!!!!
• Robert Louis Stevenson, Freud, Czar Nicholas II,
  Henrik Ibsen, Popes.
• Big in the patent medicine business

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Coke adds Life, and a wicked High! The choice of
a new generation!
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History

• Ephidrine has been around for a long time
• Synthetic too!
• Pseudoephidrine, popular among athletes
• Chat (or whatever spelling you prefer) has been
  taken for ages in Somalia, Ethiopia etc
• Now it is popular (when refined) in Russia
• Jeff

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Administration and Absorption

• Oral, more constant
• Injection or snort, get a big rushCocaine HCl
• Testing for purity showed you could smoke it
• Crack!
• Peak concentration from 30 min to 3 hr after
  taking amphetamine

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Administration and Absorption

• Probably more rapid from smoking
• Crosses the barriers
• Excreted in urine
• Metabolized by the liver
• Coke has a half life of about 40 min

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Neruphysiology and Effects

• Transmitter Leakage
• CA 5Ht
• Increase in amount released
• Ecstasy does this with 5Ht
• Block reuptake
• Coke does this only
• In PNS E is released

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Neurophysiology and Effects

• Increases the release of DA in accumens
• Reward system again
• Cocaine can act as a local as it blocks Na ion
  channels
• Effects
• Heart rate increases
• Dilation of blood vessels

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Neurophysiology and Effects

• Effectss (continued)
• Headaches
• Dry mouth
• Weight loss
• Disrupts sleep
• REM rebound later

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Behavioural Effects

• Cocaine and speed are indistinguishable
• Feels good
• More energy
• Clear mind
• Come down later
• Rush
• Speed lasts longer than coke

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Behavioural Effects

• Punding
• Sstereotyped behviour
• Amphetamine psychosis
• Happily, it clears up
• DA?
• Violence
• Sensation gets better
• Flicker fusion

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Behavioural Effects

• Eliminates fatigue effects on Reaction Time
• Flight simulator!
• Overlearned taks
• Athletci Performance too
• Tested for in competition
• Sudafed and NHL players

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Behavioural Effects

• Nonhumans
• Increase in SMA
• Stereotypical behaviour (like punding maybe)
• automutilation
• Increases FI, decreases FR responding
• Same sort of dynamic effect happens with
  negatively reinforced behaviour.

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Behvioural Effects

• Nonhumans (continued)
• Dissociative effects too
• Discriminable from saline

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Tolerance

• Acute tolerance develops quickly to cocaine
• Appetite suppressing effects disappear
• So do lethal effects
• Psychosis, stereotypical behaviour show negative
  tolerance
• Sensitivity?
• Withdrawal not that bad
• Letdown, amphetamine deppression

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Administration

• Cocaine
• Snorted, smoked injected
• speed
• Run and crash
• Or small does
• injected
• Ecstasy
• pills

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Administration Non humans

• If constantly available monkeys will stop for
  periods
• If limited theyll titrate
• Rats will self-administer
• Important for understanding reward model

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Bad Stuffl

• Liver damage
• Paranoia
• Hallucinations
• Tremors
• Weight loss

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Bad Stuff

• Indirect effects
• Birth Defects?
• Crack Babies?
• OD

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Treatment

• Detox
• Contracting
• SSRIs, MAOIs etc