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Pragmatics

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Theorists: Dore Prag 3. Studied younger children developing language ... 5. Explain Dore's taxonomy. 6. Explain Halliday's taxonomy. 7. Explain Roth ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Pragmatics


1
Pragmatics
  • The Vessel into which all other components are
    placed!
  • A Functionalist Model

2
Language Review
  • 1 Definition of Language
  • A socially shared code or conventional system for
    representing concepts through the use of
    arbitrary symbols and the combination of those
    symbols. Bloom and Lahey
  • 2. Perspectives of language
  • 1. Components
  • 2. Discourse
  • 3. Receptive/Expressive
  • 3. 4 views of language development
  • 4. Communication Circle
  • 5. Language Fan Form/Content/Use

3
Components of Language
  • Pragmatics
  • Phonology
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Metalinguistics
  • Emergent Literacy
  • Central Auditory Processing (CAP)

4
Pragmatics
  • Definition study of the relationship between
    language and the context that are basic to an
    account of language understanding
  • social use of language
  • Its about COMMUNICATION

5
Pragmatic Concepts
  • Sociolinguistic Culture Communication
  • Development Begins with Cry- ends with the death
    sigh
  • Theorists
  • 1. Dore 2. Halliday
  • 3. Roth Spekman 4. Prutting
  • 5. Fey 6. Others

6
PragmaticsIntentionality
  • Speech Act and Development of Intentionality
  • Perlocutionary
  • Illocutionary (INTENTIONALITY) _at_ 6 months
  • Locutionary (First Words

7
Development of Intentionality
  • Perlocutionary-Caregiver assigns intentions to
    infants cry, smiles, vocalizations, gestures
  • Illocutionary-Infant begins to initiate
    INTENTIONALITY through cry differentiation,
    smiles, gestures
  • Locutionary-Modality specific Verbal Language or
    Gestures (sign language)
  • Its a PIL,
  • whats a ILP, a LIP?

8
Theorists Dore Prag 3
  • Studied younger children developing language
  • Taxonomy appropriate for language below MLU of 3
    or through telegraphic speech
  • Taxonomy (p. 242)

9
Pragmatics Halliday Prag. 4
  • Hallidays perspective Language is used to
    interact with others, regulate their behavior and
    to fulfill speakers needs by having a listener/s
    respond appropriately
  • Taxonomy Use older children who are verbal
    because it is multi-word taxonomy
  • Taxonomy
  • similar to Dores except for Heuristic

10
Dore/Halliday Comparison
  • Halliday
  • Personal (thatinteresting, self-talk)
  • Imitating
  • Informative (got something to tell you)
  • Regulatory (do as I tell you)
  • Interactional (initiation)
  • Personal(withdrawal)
  • Instrumental (I want)
  • Imaginative (lets pretend)
  • Heiristic (why?)
  • Dore
  • Label
  • Repeat
  • Answer
  • Request Action
  • Request Answer
  • Calling
  • Protesting
  • Practice

11
Hallidays Taxonony
  • Halliday observed Broad pragmatic functions
    instead of individual utterance functions as
    observed by Dore BUT considerable similarity
  • Emergence of Speech
  • initially speech emerges to accompany action, not
    to convey information
  • attention is restricted to a single object and
    action associated with it
  • notes object relations or comments on the event
    (recurrence)

12
Hallidays Taxonomy, 2
  • Separated into 3 PHASES
  • Phase I
  • ages 9 months to 17 months
  • initially speech emerges to accompany action, not
    to convey information
  • communicative functions
  • instrumental
  • regulatory
  • interactional
  • personal

13
Hallidays Taxonomy 3
  • Phase II
  • characterized by a generalization of the previous
    functions into new broader functions and by the
    disappearance of isomorphic forms
  • two broad functions emerge
  • mathetic general learning functions
  • includes the Personal and Heuristic
  • pragmatic involves needs satisfaction and control
  • includes Instrumental and Regulatory functions
  • at two-word level, child begins to use structure
    independent of function
  • in general
    Old Forms
    (constructions)-New Ideas
    New Forms (generalization) - Old ideas

14
Hallidays Taxonomy 4
  • Phase III
  • child attains adult-like functions
  • attained by age 2
  • ability to combine several language functions
    within a single utterance
  • -use of a lexicogrammatical (semantic/syntactic)
    system makes in possible to fulfill
    (perlocutionary) all necessary functions in a
    discourse simultaneously
  • ex mommy, cookie hot -interactional,
    description, inferential requesting

15
Pragmatics Roth Spekman prag. 4
  • Taxonomy use more comprehensive
  • Taxonomy
  • Triangle with points of
  • Communication Intention
  • Presupposition
  • Organization of Discourse

CI
OD
P
16
Communication Intention
  • Communication Intention
  • Divided into Range and Form
  • Range
  • Preverbal
  • Holophrases
  • Multi-Word
  • Form
  • Gestural
  • Gestural Vocalization
  • Verbal/ Sign Language

17
Communication Intention for Roth and Spekman
PREVERBAL prag 5
  • Preverbal Intentions
  • Attention Seeking to self
  • Attention seeking to events, others,
  • Requesting
  • objects
  • Actions
  • Information
  • Protesting/Rejecting
  • Responding/Acknowledging
  • Informing
  • Greeting (social)

18
Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman
Holophrases 7
  • Holophrases
  • Naming
  • Commenting
  • Request Objects
  • Present
  • Absent
  • Requesting Information
  • Responding
  • Protesting/Rejecting
  • Greetings

19
Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman
Multi-Word 8
  • Multiword
  • Requesting Information
  • Requesting Action
  • Responding to Requests
  • Stating or Commenting
  • Regulating Conversational Behavior
  • Other Performatives such as teasing, warning
    sarcasm, humor, metaphors, etc (metalinguistics)

20
Matrix Example
  • Performatives
  • teasing
  • warning
  • sarcasm
  • humor
  • metaphors
  • Examples

21
Presupposition for Roth and Spekman
  • Principle of Informativeness
  • Three Aspects
  • 1. Topic
  • New/Old Information
  • Needs of listener
  • 2. Listener
  • Conversational participants
  • Type of language (register)
  • 3. Cohesive Devices
  • Anaphoric reference -use of pronouns
  • Ellipsis
  • Conjunctions
  • Deictic terms (empty pronouns) this, that, these,
    those

22
Organization of Discourse
  • 5 Aspects
  • 1. Conversational Initiation
  • 2. Turn Taking
  • conversational speaking time
  • 3. Staying on Topic OR Conversational
    Maintenance
  • 4. Conversational Repairs
  • 5. Topic Termination

23
Conversational Repairs
  • Linguistic Structure
  • phonologic poon--spoon
  • morphologic he sleep--sleeps
  • syntactic cats--big cats
  • Linguistic Content
  • repetition
  • confirmation
  • elaboration
  • Extralinguistic
  • pitch change
  • stress
  • demonstration

24
Pragmatics Assignment Example
  • Organization of Discourse
  • Form
  • Range
  • items
  • Presupposiiton
  • -listener
  • - topic
  • Organization of Discourse
  • conversation initiation
  • turn taking
  • eye contact
  • conversation repair
  • conversation termination
  • Examples
  • verbal
  • dyad
  • familiar
  • initiated by conv. Part
  • example
  • part. Made eye contact lasting about __second
  • repair example

25
Taxonomy GRID
  • Organization of Discourse
  • Form
  • Range
  • items
  • Presupposiiton
  • -listener
  • - topic
  • Organization of Discourse
  • conversation initiation
  • turn taking
  • eye contact
  • conversation repair
  • conversation termination
  • Examples

26
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27
   
   
    Intentions                   Presupposition
                  Organization of Discourse  
28
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29
Pruttings Pragmatic Taxonomy
  • Includes all of Roth and Spekmans
  • Communication Intention
  • Presupposition
  • Organization of Discourse
  • ADDS Proxemics
  • )

CI
OD
P
PROX
30
Proxemics Importance
  • The eyes of men converse as much as their
    tongues, with the advantage that the ocular
    dialect needs no dictionary, but is understood
    the world over, Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Skills
  • Nonlinguistic elements
  • distance from a speaker,
  • gaze
  • touch
  • Paralinguistic elements (fluency, rate,
    intonation)

31
Feys Taxonomy
  • Assertive/ Responsive Matrix
  • Definitions
  • Conversational Assertiveness
  • Definition ability and/or willingness to take a
    conversational turn when none has been sloicited
    by a partner.
  • Responsiveness-
  • Definition ability to comply with the speakers
    range of intent.
  • Matrix

32
Feys Taxonomy Assessment/ Intervention
Implications
  • For Assessment In a PBA determining the childs
    ability in both areas.
  • For intervention Using a communication modality
    that encourages both. Usually SLI children are
    better at being Responsive than Assertive.
  • Reason therapy usually reinforces
    Responsiveness.
  • Ex. Question/Answer

33
Pragmatics Questions
  • 1. Define pragmatics.
  • 2. How is pragmatics tied to the 4 views of
    language development?
  • 3. What is the Speech Act progression of
    pragmatic development
  • 4. Why is pragmatics central to language?
  • 5. Explain Dores taxonomy
  • 6. Explain Hallidays taxonomy
  • 7. Explain Roth Spekmans taxonomy
  • 8. Explain Pruttings taxonomy
  • 9. Explain Feys taxonomy
  • 10. What is the purpose of knowing these
    taxonomies?

34
End of Lecture Notes
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