PHYSICAL SCIENCE 120 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE 120PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

• As you view the PHS 120 Power Points you will be
  prompted to advance to the next slide when you
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Physical Science 120 students are required to do
pages 1 54.
Mineral Definition.Slide
3 Hardness..8 Cleavage.
...12 Fracture.....19 Streak
21 Luster....23 Color
.28 Specific Gravity....31 Taste
.48 Magnetism49 Double
Refraction53 Reaction to HCl
(acid).54 Diaphaneity..56 Crys
tals.60 Isometric...62
Hexagonal.66 Tetragonal
.70 Orthorhombic....74 Monoclinic
....79 Triclinic.82 Resources
..85
This list of slides will allow you to review the
various topics of the presentation. ()
During the presentation you can right mouse
click on a slide to go to the edit mode. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• What is a Mineral?

There is a classic four part definition for
mineral. Minerals must be ()

• Naturally occurring ()
• Inorganic ()
• Possess a definite crystalline structure ()
• Have a definite chemical composition ()

Cubic Fluorite Crystal
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Mineral Identification Basics

• What is a Mineral?

Naturally Occurring ()

• Minerals are not synthetic - they are produced
  by the natural geological processes working on
  Earth. For example, steel, brass, bronze and
  aluminum are not considered minerals in that they
  are not found in nature. ()
• Technically speaking, synthetic gemstones are not
  considered minerals. This area of mineralogy has
  a hazy boundary in that synthetic stones are in
  every way the same as the natural stones. But
  because they are produced in laboratories, they
  do not meet the classic definition of a mineral.
  ()
• Also note that many synthetic gemstones are
  doped with a fluorescent dye to distinguish
  them from natural stone. ()

Tourmaline Crystal from Brazil
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Mineral Identification Basics

• What is a Mineral?

Inorganic ()

• Minerals are NOT produced by organic processes.
  As a result things like pearls, coral, coal and
  amber are not considered minerals.
• Also included in this
• NOT a Mineral List are teeth, bones, sea
  shells and even kidney stones. ()

Barite Rose - A flower like growth of Barite
crystals.
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Mineral Identification Basics

• What is a Mineral?

Internal Structure
Minerals are the result of atoms joining together
through electrical bonds to produce a definite
internal structure. ()
It is the nature of the atoms and the strength of
the chemical bonds that determine many of the
minerals physical and chemical properties. ()
Crystalline Pattern of Halite Red Sodium Green
Chlorine
Halite (salt) from Searles Lake, CA
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• What is a Mineral?

Definite Chemical Composition ()

• Minerals can be expressed by a chemical
  formula. The internal order of minerals means
  that there is a definite relationship in the
  number of atoms that makes up the mineral. ()

Halite - NaCl For every atom of Sodium there is
an atom of Chlorine.
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS

HARDNESS is defined as the resistance a mineral
has to being scratched - its scratchability.
Hardness tests are done by scratching one mineral
against another. The mineral that is scratched
is softer than the other. ()
Pyrite Crystals Hardness of 6.5 ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS

In this photo, a quartz crystal will be rubbed
across a glass plate. The result is that the
glass plate will be scratched. The quartz is
therefore harder than the glass. ()
HINT In doing a hardness test try to pick a
smooth or flat surface on the mineral to be
scratched. Try to pick a point or a sharp edge
on the mineral that you think will do the
scratching. Glass is usually a good place to
start because it is in the middle of the hardness
table, it has a flat, smooth surface and it is
easily obtained. ()
Quartz is harder than glass.
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS

Care must be taken on some minerals that crumble
easily. Remember that hardness is the resistance
a mineral has to being scratched - NOT how easily
it breaks apart. The physical property related
to the ease in which a mineral breaks is
tenacity. ()
Also be sure to determine the hardness of a
mineral on a fresh surface whenever possible.
Some minerals have a tendency to oxidize or
corrode. These surface deposits usually have a
different hardness than the fresh mineral. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS

MOHS SCALE OF MINERAL HARDNESS
1. TALC 2. GYPSUM 3. CALCITE 4. FLUORITE 5.
APATITE ()
6. FELDSPAR 7. QUARTZ 8. TOPAZ 9.
CORUNDUM 10. DIAMOND ()
OTHER MATERIALS COMMONLY USED 2.5 -
FINGERNAIL 3 - COPPER PENNY 5.5 -
GLASS 6-6.5 - STEEL
FILE
Mohs scale is a list of minerals with increasing
hardness.()
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

CLEAVAGE is the property of a mineral that allows
it to break repeatedly along smooth, flat
surfaces. ()
These GALENA cleavage fragments were produced
when the crystal was hit with a hammer. Note the
consistency of the 90o angles along the edges.
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

Within this crystalline pattern it is easy to see
how atoms will separate to produce cleavage with
cubic (90o) angles. ()
It is similar to tearing a piece of paper that
has perforations in it. The paper has a tendency
to tear along the perforations. They are zones
of weakness. ()
In this example the lines represent breaks
between the atoms that make up the mineral.
Cleavage is guided by the atomic structure. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

These pictures show different cleavage angles and
the quality of cleavage.
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

Common salt (the mineral HALITE) has very good
cleavage in 3 directions. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

()
Even these tiny fragments have rhombohedral
cleavage. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

Blocky Cleavage 2 directions
Note that the faces in the circle are at
different levels. By adjusting the lighting, all
of the parallel faces will reflect
simultaneously. This results in a flash of light
from all the parallel faces. ()
Orthoclase feldspar has good cleavage in 2
directions. The blocky appearance of this
specimen is a hint that it has cleavage. The
clue that the specimen has cleavage is the fact
that numerous faces will reflect light at the
same time. Each face is parallel and light will
reflect of each face producing a flash of light.
()
Orthoclase Feldspar ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE

TALC has micaceous cleavage. That is to say that
it cleaves like mica (1 perfect direction) but,
in talc the crystals are so small that they
cannot easily be seen. Instead the effect is
that the talc feels soapy. The second picture
shows some of the talc that has cleaved onto the
fingers. ()
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FRACTURE

FRACTURE is defined as the way a mineral breaks
other than cleavage. ()
This is a piece of volcanic glass called
OBSIDIAN. Even though it is NOT a mineral, it is
shown here because it has excellent conchoidal
fracture. ()
If you try this yourself, use caution.
Conchoidal fracture in obsidian can produce
extremely sharp edges. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FRACTURE

This Quartz crystal will be struck with a hammer
to show how that the external form of the crystal
does not repeat when broken. (The flat crystal
faces are not cleavage faces.) This is a good
example of conchoidal fracture. ()
Note the smooth curved surfaces.
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STREAK

STREAK is defined as the color of the mineral in
powder form. ()
Streak is normally obtained by rubbing a mineral
across a streak plate. This is a piece of
unglazed porcelain. The streak plate has a
hardness of around 7 and rough texture that
allows the minerals to be abraded to a powder.
This powder is the streak. ()
Hematite has a reddish brown streak. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STREAK

Sphalerite is a dark mineral, however, it has a
light colored streak. Next to the reddish brown
streak of hematite is a light yellow streak.
This is the streak of the sphalerite. ()
Light colored streaks are often difficult to see
against the white streak plate. It is often
useful to rub your finger across the powder to
see the streak color. ()
Sphalerite has a light yellow streak. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER

LUSTER is defined as the quality of reflected
light. Minerals have been grossly separated into
either METALLIC or NON-METALLIC lusters.
Following are some examples ()
Native Silver has a Metallic Luster. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER METALLIC

The basic idea for Metallic Luster is that the
minerals look like metals. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• NON-METALLIC LUSTER VITREOUS

Vitreous Luster means that the mineral has a
glassy look. Normally we think of glass as
being clear, but there are many different colors
of glass and they are all very glassy looking.
Even china plates and glazed porcelain are
vitreous. Here are some examples ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• NON METALLIC LUSTER

Miscellaneous Lusters
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER

The moral to this story is to look at a fresh
surface whenever possible.()
This piece of Native Copper is severely
weathered. It does not look metallic. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COLOR

The COLOR of a mineral is usually the first thing
that a person notices when observing a mineral.
However, it is normally NOT the best physical
property to begin the mineral identification
process. ()
Following are some examples of color variation
within mineral species followed by minerals that
have a distinctive color ()
Various colors of CALCITE. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COLOR

Quartz comes in a wide range of colors. It is
very easily colored by even trace amounts of
impurities. ()
Various colors of Quartz.
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Mineral Identification Basics

• INDICATIVE COLOR

Some minerals do have a certain color associated
with them. Here are some examples ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The SPECIFIC GRAVITY of a mineral is a measure of
the minerals density. It is related to the
types of elements that make up the mineral and
how they are packed into the minerals atomic
structure. ()
Gold has a Specific Gravity of 19.2. It is 19.2
times the weight of an equal volume of water.
Water has a Specific Gravity of 1. ()
Gold in Quartz
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The SPECIFIC GRAVITY of a mineral is determined
by weighing the specimen in air and then weighing
it in water. Here is the formula ()
Weight in air
Specific Gravity
(Weight in air) - (Weight in water )
(divided by)
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Triple Beam Balance
This is the equipment used in the lab at GCC to
determine Specific Gravity. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The first thing to check in using the balance is
to make sure it balances at the zero mark when
the tray is empty. ()
This circle shows the zero mark and that the
balance is calibrated correctly. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Notches ()
NO Notches ()
Notice that the top three bars of the balance
have notches. These are the positions in which
the weights are REQUIRED to rest. ()
Balance is in Balance ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NO Notches
()
The bottom bar has no notch. Instead the weight
(the small chrome sleeve sitting over the zero
mark on the left) simply slides along this bar.
It reads 0.1 to 0.01 grams. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Selecting the right material. ()
Opal in Rhyolite
Not just any mineral will do. In determining the
specific gravity of a mineral it must be pure,
free of pockets or cracks (places that can trap
air) and it should not easily dissolve in water.
()
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The Limonite is full of pore spaces. It is
almost like a sponge. When it is weighed in
water it has numerous trapped air pockets that
will make it lighter that it should be. ()
Opal in Rhyolite
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
It would be difficult to get an accurate weight.
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

This is not a pure specimen. It is a combination
of two minerals. The result of the specific
gravity process would only give you an average of
the two minerals. ()
Opal in Rhyolite
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The opal in rhyolite has the same problem as the
calcite with garnet. It is not a pure sample ()
Opal in Rhyolite
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Halite is a salt. When weighed in water it
dissolves. It would be difficult to get an
accurate reading as it would become lighter and
lighter as it slowly dissolved. ()
Opal in Rhyolite
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Sphalerite (pronounced sfal er ite) is a good
choice. It is a pure sample with no crack or
pore spaces. And, it does not dissolve in water.
()
Opal in Rhyolite
Calcite with Garnet
Sphalerite
Sphalerite
Limonite
Halite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

100 grams is too much.
Weight in air 37.0 grams ()
Determine the weight of the Sphalerite ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Weight in Water
The weights are in the same place but now that
the sphalerite is submerged in water it is
lighter, and the balance is again out of balance.
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Weight in Water
It is important to note that the specimen being
weighed is not resting on the bottom of the
beaker or touching its sides. It is also
completely submerged beneath the water. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Weight in Water ()
The weight of the sphalerite in water is 27.94
grams. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

37.00 grams
27.94 grams
37.00 grams
Specific Gravity
4.06
Note that there are no units. The grams cancel
out. This is a ratio of how heavy the mineral is
compared to an equal volume of water. The
sphalerite is 4.06 times heavier than water. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TASTE

IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED THAT A TASTE TEST BE
PERFORMED ON MINERALS AS A STANDARD PROCESS.
SOME MINERALS ARE TOXIC. However, the mineral
HALITE is common salt and has a unique taste. ()
Halite cubes from Trona, CA ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETISM

MAGNETISM is the ability of a mineral to be
attracted by a magnet. This most commonly is
associated with minerals rich in iron, usually
magnetite. ()
This is a piece of MAGNETITE with a magnet
adhering to it. Magnetite is a mineral that is
strongly magnetic in that a magnet will easily be
attracted to it. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETISM

More sensitivity is achieved if instead of a
large sample, small pieces are used. In this
way, even weakly magnetic minerals will be
attracted to the magnet. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETISM

This is a sample of black sand from Lynx Creek,
Arizona. Its dark color is due to its high
concentration of magnetite. See what happens
when a magnet is place beneath the bottom right
portion of the paper. ()
This technique is used to separate out much of
the unwanted material in the search for gold in
placer deposits. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETISM

LODESTONE is a variety of Magnetite that is
naturally a magnet. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• DOUBLE REFRACTION

DOUBLE REFRACTION Is a property shared by many
minerals ( but not those in the isometric crystal
system). It is produced by the separating of a
beam of light as it passes through the crystal
structure. It is best displayed in the mineral
CALCITE. This image clearly shows the double
image below the calcite. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• REACTION TO HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Some minerals, notably the carbonates, react to
cold dilute HCl. In this illustration a piece of
CALCITE is shown to react (fizz) after HCl is
applied. ()
Calcite Reacts to HCl ()
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This ends the basic introduction to the Physical
Properties of Minerals. The rest of this
presentation takes you through a few other
properties as well as crystal structures of
minerals. Feel free to take a look. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DIAPHANEITY

The manner in which minerals transmit light is
called DIAPHANEITY and is expressed by these
terms ()
TRANSPARENT A mineral is considered to be
transparent if the outline of an object viewed
through it is distinct. ()
TRANSLUCENT A mineral is considered to be
translucent if it transmits light but no objects
can be seen through it. ()
OPAQUE A mineral is considered to be opaque if,
even on its thinnest edges, no light is
transmitted. ()
Quartz with Spessartine Garnets
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DIAPHANEITY

TRANSPARENT A mineral is considered to be
transparent if the outline of an object viewed
through it is distinct. ()
Topaz from Topaz Mountain, Utah ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DIAPHANEITY

TRANSLUCENT A mineral is considered to be
translucent if it transmits light but no objects
can be seen through it. ()
Sylvite from Salton Sea, California ()
Backlit Apophyllite Crystals ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DIAPHANEITY

OPAQUE A mineral is considered to be opaque if,
even on its thinnest edges, no light is
transmitted. ()
Schorl - The black variety of Tourmaline ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CRYSTALS

A CRYSTAL is the outward form of the internal
structure of the mineral. The 6 basic crystal
systems are ()
ISOMETRIC
HEXAGONAL
TETRAGONAL
ORTHORHOMBIC
MONOCLINIC
Drusy Quartz on Barite
TRICLINIC ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CRYSTALS

The first group is the ISOMETRIC. This literally
means equal measure and refers to the equal
size of the crystal axes. ()
ISOMETRIC - Fluorite Crystals
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Mineral Identification Basics

• ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS

ISOMETRIC In this crystal system there are 3
axes. Each has the same length as indicated by
the same letter a. They all meet at mutual
90o angles in the center of the crystal. Crystals
in this system are typically blocky or ball-like.
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS

Within this ISOMETRIC crystal model is the
OCTAHEDRAL crystal form (yellow) and the
TETRAHEDRAL crystal form (shown by the black
lines). ()
ISOMETRIC Crystal Model ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• ISOMETRIC CRYSTALS

a3
a2
a1
ISOMETRIC - Basic Cube ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• ISOMETRIC BASIC CRYSTAL SHAPES

Spinel
Octahedron
These are all examples of ISOMETRIC Minerals. ()
Garnet - Dodecahedron
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Mineral Identification Basics

• HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

c
a3
a2
a1
HEXAGONAL - Three horizontal axes meeting at
angles of 120o and one perpendicular axis. ()
HEXAGONAL Crystal Axes
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Mineral Identification Basics

• HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

HEXAGONAL This model represents a hexagonal PRISM
(the outside hexagon - six sided shape). The top
and bottom faces are called PINACOIDS and are
perpendicular to the vertical c axis. Within
this model is the SCALENOHEDRAL form. Each face
is a scalenohedron. Calcite often crystallizes
with this form. As the model rotates, the flash
of light seen is from a scalenohedral face.()
HEXAGONAL Crystal Model ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

These hexagonal CALCITE crystals nicely show the
six sided prisms as well as the basal pinacoid.
()
()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

Pyramid Faces
Prism Faces
Vanadinite ()
Hanksite
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Mineral Identification Basics

• TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

• TETRAGONAL
• Two equal, horizontal, mutually perpendicular
  axes (a1, a2) ()

Vertical axis (c) is perpendicular to the
horizontal axes and is of a different length. ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

TETRAGONAL This model shows a tetragonal PRISM
enclosing a DIPYRAMID. ()
TETRAGONAL Crystal Model ()
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Mineral Identification Basics

• TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

WULFENITE
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Mineral Identification Basics

• TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

This is the same Apophyllite crystal looking down
the c axis.
APOPHYLLITE (clear) on Stilbite ()
The red square shows the position of the pinacoid
(perpendicular to the c axis). ()
74
Mineral Identification Basics

• ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS

ORTHORHOMBIC Three mutually perpendicular axes of
different lengths. ()
An Alternative Crystal Axes Orientation ()
ORTHORHMOBIC Crystal Axes
75
Mineral Identification Basics

• ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS

ORTHORHOMBIC This model shows the alternative
axes where the vertical c axis is not the
longest axis. ()
The model shows the outside brick shape of the
PRISM and the inner shape is a DIPYRAMID. The
top and bottom faces are called PINACOIDS and are
perpendicular to the c axis. ()
ORTHORHMOBIC Crystal Model ()
76
Mineral Identification Basics

• ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS

Topaz from Topaz Mountain, Utah. ()
77
Mineral Identification Basics

• ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS

The view above is looking down the c axis of
the crystal. ()
()
BARITE is also orthorhombic. ()
78
Mineral Identification Basics

• ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS

This is a Staurolite TWIN with garnets attached.
()
79
Mineral Identification Basics

• MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS

MONOCLINIC In this crystal form the axes are of
unequal length. ()
Axes a and b are perpendicular. ()
Axes b and c are perpendicular. ()
But a and c make some oblique angle and with each
other. ()
80
Mineral Identification Basics

• MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS

MONOCLINIC In this model the outside shape is the
PRISM. It looks like a distorted brick -
flattened out of shape. Inside is the DIPYRAMID.
()
MONOCLINIC Crystal Model
81
Mineral Identification Basics

• MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS

Mica
82
Mineral Identification Basics

• TRICLINIC CRYSTALS

TRICLINIC In this system, all of the axes are of
different lengths and none are perpendicular to
any of the others. ()
83
Mineral Identification Basics

• TRICLINIC CRYSTALS

TRICLINIC Again in this model the outside shape
is the PRISM. Located within the prism is the
DIPYRAMID. ()
TRICLINIC Crystal Model ()
84
Mineral Identification Basics

• TRICLINIC CRYSTALS

Microcline, variety Amazonite ()
85
Mineral Identification RESOURCES
For lots of useful images of minerals and more
facts about minerals, check out this web site
http//www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/i
ndex.htm
For lots of up-to-date information about the
Museums activities, be sure and visit the
Arizona Mining and Mineral Museums web site
at http//www.admmr.state.az.us/musgen.htm To
contact the Arizona Department of Mines and
Mineral Resources, the web site address
is http//www.admmr.state.az.us/