A Hybrid Approach to Faceted Classification Based on Analysis of Descriptor Suffixes

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A Hybrid Approach to Faceted Classification
Based on Analysis of Descriptor Suffixes

• Aaron Loehrlein, Dr. Elin K. Jacob,
• Dr. Kiduk Yang, Seungmin Lee, Ning Yu

Classification-based Search and Knowledge
Discovery Research Group Indiana University
Bloomington ASIST, Charlotte, NC, November 1,
2005
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objective

• Develop heuristics for a hybrid approach to
  faceted classification
• Part manual
• Part automated
• Combine the best aspects of both approaches
• Reduce the man-hours required to create a
  classification scheme

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Faceted classification

• Identify aspects of the domain.
• Each aspect consists of a separate hierarchy of
  categories.
• aspects the domain automobiles might include
  model, year, and color.
• Classes are created by combining values from
  multiple domains.
• one class might be Camry, 1996, tan.
• (Ranganathan, 19441945 Jacob Priss, 2001
  Priss Jacob, 1998)

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Suffixes

• Automated approach organizes terms according to
  their suffixes.

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Existing research involving suffixes

• Suffix stemming in order to conflate terms
  (Harman, 1991 Savoy, 1993)
• Identification of syntigmatic relationships
  (Okada, Ando, Lee, Hayashi, and Aoe, 2001)
• Utilizing suffix trees to more efficiently store
  strings (Stephen, 1994 Zamir and Etzioni, 1999
  Park, Chu, Yoon, and Won, 2003)
• Analyzing relationships between morphological
  similarity and semantic similarity (Bybee, 1988)

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Process

• Generate a list of terms to be organized.
• Generate a list of suffixes (and other
  ending-strings).
• Assign meanings to each suffix.
• Organize the suffix meanings.
• Organize the terms according to their suffixes.
• Manually revise and complete the faceted
  classification.

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Step 1 of 6 Generate a list of terms to be
organized
Compiled two lexicon bases, each representing the
intellectual content of the domain
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Step 1 of 6 Generate a list of terms to be
organized

• Small Lexicon Base examples

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Step 1 of 6 Generate a list of terms to be
organized

• Large Lexicon Base example
• Sample Document
• BRAC 1995 Quick Reference Guide Community and
  Environmental Activities
• Author-extracted keywords
• Community
• Environmental Activities
• Base Realignment
• (etc.)

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Step 2 of 6 Generate a list of suffixes (and
other ending-strings)

• Types of ending strings
• Suffixes (1571 from Merriam-Webster online)
• Pseudo-suffixes
• Final cluster phonesthemes (174)
• Any other ending-string (81)
• The vast majority of the work was done by the
  suffixes from Merriam-Webster

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Step 2 of 6 Generate a list of suffixes (and
other ending-strings)
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Step 3 of 6Assign meanings to each suffix
Unit of Analysis is suffix/meaning pairs
Entry -ment / state, quality, or condition
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Step 3 of 6Assign meanings to each suffix

• Manually standardize certain meanings
• -al of, relating to, or characterized by
• -ative of, relating to, or connected with
• becomes
• -al characteristics
• -ative characteristics

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Step 4 of 6 Organize the suffix meanings
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Step 5 of 6 Organize the terms according to
their suffixes
Manually validate each grouping Threshold 50
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Step 5 of 6 Organize the terms according to
their suffixes

• The same suffix/meaning pairs were valid for both
  lexicon bases (mostly).
• Once suffix/meaning pairs are selected, organize
  the terms again.

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Step 6 of 6 Manually revise and complete the
faceted classification
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Step 6 of 6 Manually revise and complete the
faceted classification

• Manual grouping
• Disinfection
• Pretreatment
• Washing

• Automatic output
• Measurement
• Reimbursement
• Requirement
• Treatment

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Results
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Large Lexicon Base - distribution of terms
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Large Lexicon Base

• Hypothesis 1
• results will improve if we filter out of the
  lexicon base all terms that appear only once.

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Large Lexicon Base - multiple terms only
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Large Lexicon Base

• Hypothesis 2
• results will improve if we take all groups with
  more than 30 terms and truncate it to the 30 most
  frequent terms.

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Large Lexicon Base - truncating big groups down
to 30
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Small Lexicon Base - distribution of terms
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Small Lexicon Base - multiple terms only
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Many groups were retained
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Conclusions and future work

• Conclusions
• Suffixes alone are not adequate.
• However, they are useful, particularly for
  faceted classification
• When combined with other approaches, the suffix
  heuristic may become more acceptable
• Future work
• Combination with other methods
• implementation in other domains, including
  physics, economics and biology

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References

• Bybee, J.L. (1988). Morphology as lexical
  organization. In Theoretical morphology
  Approaches in modern linguistics (pp. 119-142).
  San Diego Academic Press, Inc.
• Harman, D. (1991). How effective is suffixing?
  Journal of the American Society for Information
  Science, 42 (1), 7-15.
• Jacob, E. K., and Priss, U. (2001).
  Non-traditional indexing structures for the
  management of electronic resources. In Advances
  in classification research, vol.10. Information
  Today for the American Society for Information
  Science, Medford, NJ, 73-90.
• Okada, M., Ando, K., Lee, S.S., Hayashi, Y., and
  Aoe, J. (2001). An efficient substring search
  method by using delayed keyword extraction.
  Information Processing Management, 37, 741-761.
• Priss, U., and Jacob, E.K. (1998). A graphical
  interface for faceted thesaurus design. In
  Proceedings of the 9th ASIS SIG/CR Classification
  Research Workshop (Pittsburgh, PA, October 25,
  1998). American Society for Information Science,
  Silver Spring, MD, 107-118.
• Ranganathan, S. R. Library Classification
  fundamentals and procedures with 1008 graded
  examples and exercises. Madras Library
  Association, Madras, 1944.
• Ranganathan, S. R. (1945). Elements of library
  classification based on lectures delivered at
  the University of Bombay in December 1944. N.K.
  Publishing House, Poona, 1945.
• Savoy, J. (1993). Stemming of French words based
  on grammatical categories. Journal of the
  American Society for Information Science, 44 (1),
  1-9.
• Shisler, B.K. (1997). The Dictionary of English
  Phonaesthemes. Retrieved June 28, 2005 from
  http//www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/9783/phonpap
  2.htmlglossary.
• Stephen, G.A. (1994). String Searching
  Algorithms. New Jersey World Scientific.

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Thank you

• URL
• http//ella.slis.indiana.edu/aloehrle/cskdASIST2
  005.ppt
• Contact Info
• Aaron Loehrlein
• aloehrle_at_indiana.edu
• Indiana University Bloomington