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Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945

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Title: Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945


1
Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945
27
2
The New Europe

3
Western Europe The Triumph of Democracy
  • France From De Gaulle to New Uncertainties
  • Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), 1958-1969
  • Fourth Republic
  • Algerian crisis
  • Fifth Republic, 1958
  • Greater global presence
  • Growth of the economy
  • Weaknesses in the 1970s
  • François Mitterrand (1916-1995), 1981-1995
  • Reforms and nationalization
  • Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
  • Jacques Chirac (b. 1932) elected president, May
    1995

4
The Economic Division of Europe During the Cold
War
5
From West Germany to Germany
  • Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967), 1949-1963
  • Ludwig Erhard and economic recovery
  • Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974
  • Ostpolitik (opening toward the east)
  • Helmut Kohl (b. 1930), 1982
  • Reunification
  • Problems with reunification

6
Decline of Great Britain
  • Clement Attlee (1883-1967) succeeded Churchill
  • Creation of the modern welfare state
  • Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925), 1979-1990
  • Thatcherism
  • Problems over flat-rate tax
  • Thatcher resigned, November 1990
  • Thatcher succeeded by John Major and then Tony
    Blair

7
Eastern Europe after Communism
  • Little or no experience in democracy
  • Rapid conversion to a market economy
  • Poland and Czechoslovakia successful
  • Desire to join NATO and the European Union

8
Disintegration of Yugoslavia
  • Marshall Tito holds together six republics and
    two autonomous provinces
  • Slovenia and Croatia declare independence in June
    1991
  • Slobodan Miloevícs government sent the Yugoslav
    army into Slovenia
  • Captured one-third of Croatias territory
  • Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
  • European nations and the United States intervene
    in 1995
  • Cease-fire agreement, fall of 1995
  • Kosovo, 1999
  • Milosevic ended Kosovos autonomous status
  • Kosovo Liberation Army
  • Serbs begin massacring ethnic Albanians
  • NATO begins bombing campaign to force Yugoslavia
    into stopping the attacks
  • Miloevíc ousted in elections of 2000 and put on
    trial for war crimes against humanity

9
European Union, 2004
10
Western Europe The Move Toward Unity
  • NATO, 1949
  • European Economic Community, 1957
  • Britain, Ireland, and Denmark join the EEU (now
    called European Community) in 1973
  • Spain, Portugal, and Greece added in 1986
  • Since then Austria, Finland, and Sweden have
    become members
  • Treaty on European Union went into effect January
    1, 1994
  • An economic and monetary union

11
Emergence of the Superpower The United States
  • American Politics and Society Through the Vietnam
    Era
  • Economic boom after World War II
  • John F. Kennedy (1917-1963), 1961-1963
  • Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973), 1963-1969
  • Martin Luther King (1929-1968)
  • Desegregation, Civil Rights Act, 1964
  • Voting Rights Act, 1965
  • Race riots 1965-1967
  • Vietnam War, Anti-war protests
  • Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968

12
American soldiers on patrol in Vietnam
13
Civil rights march, Alabama, 1965
14
Shift Rightward after 1973
  • Nixons presidency
  • Watergate
  • Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980
  • Stagflation high inflation and decline in
    earnings
  • 53 hostages held by Iran
  • Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989
  • Reverses the welfare state
  • Military buildup
  • Deficit spending problems
  • George H.W. Bush (b. 1924)
  • Bill Clinton elected in 1992
  • Supported many Republican issues
  • Period of economic growth
  • Charges of misconduct and impeachment
  • George W. Bush elected in 2000
  • Terrorism

15
The Development of Canada
  • Lester Pearson (1897-1972)
  • Welfare state created
  • Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000)
  • Industrialization and inflation
  • Brian Mulroney (b. 1939)
  • Sought greater privatization of state-run
    corporations
  • Free trade agreement with the United States
  • Quebec
  • Parti Québécois headed by Rene Levesque

16
Latin America since 1945
  • Great Depression led to political instability
  • Great Depression moved Latin America to modern
    economic structure
  • Latin America began to develop its own industries
  • By the 1960s still economically dependent
  • Led to more political instability
  • Debt crisis from borrowing from abroad
  • Movement toward democracy
  • American style of investing
  • Growing nationalist feelings
  • Organization of American States
  • Concern about communism

17
Political Trends in Latin America in the 1960s
and 1970s

18
The Threat of Marxist Revolutions Cuba, Chile,
Nicaragua
  • Cuba
  • Fidel Castro (b. 1926) overthrows Fulgencio
    Batista and enters Havana January 1, 1959
  • Ernesto Che Guevara (1928-1967)
  • October 1960 U.S. trade embargo on Cuba
  • U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba,
    January 3, 1961
  • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, April 17, 1961
  • Castros social revolution had mixed results
  • Gains in health care and education
  • Agricultural diversification but still reliant
    upon sugar
  • Collapse of the Soviet Union meant the end of
    subsidies
  • Chile
  • Salvador Allende (1908 1973)
  • The CIA and Augusto Pinochet (b. 1915)
  • Nicaragua
  • Anastasio Somoza
  • The Sandinistas and the Contras

19
Nationalism and the Military Argentina
  • Group of officers overthrows government, June
    1943
  • Juan Perón (1895-1974), elected president 1946
  • Increased industrialization
  • Frees Argentina from foreign investors
  • Eva Perón
  • Overthrown by the military 1955
  • Returns in 1973 and elected president, died in
    1974
  • Military seizes power, 1976
  • Disappearance of opponents
  • Falkland Islands (Malvinas) War, April 1982
  • Return of civil power Raul Alfonsin elected in
    1983
  • Carlos Saul Menem elected in 1989 with peaceful
    transfer of power

20
Barrio, Rio de Janeiro
Slum site south of Copacabana Beach in Rio
21
Nationalism and the Military Brazil
  • Getúlio Vargas
  • 1964 1984 Military in direct control of Brazil
  • Challenges of emergent democracy

22
Mexican Way
  • Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) controls
    Mexican politics
  • Industrial growth in 1950s and 1960s
  • Student protests, 1968
  • One party system protested
  • Protest in Tlatelolco Square
  • Political reform Luis Echeverria and Jose
    Portillo in 1970s
  • Registering political parties
  • Freedom of debate in press and at universities
  • Foreign debt
  • Oil reserves discovered making Mexico dependent
    of these revenues
  • Mid-1980s oil prices drop and Mexico could no
    longer service its debts
  • Vicente Fox defeats the PRI to be elected
    president, 2000

23
Society and Culture in the Western World
  • The Emergence of a New Society
  • The technocratic society
  • Changes in the middle class managers and
    technicians
  • Changes among the traditional lower class
  • Leisure activity
  • Education
  • Student protests of the 60s and 70s
  • Student radicalism
  • The Permissive Society
  • Sexual revolution
  • Breakdown of the traditional family
  • Drug culture

24
Women in the Postwar Western World
  • The return to traditional roles and the baby boom
  • Smaller families due to birth control
  • More women enter the work force
  • Working women at lower wages
  • The Feminist Movement The Search for Liberation
  • More women gain the right to vote after World War
    II
  • By the 1960s women began to assert their rights
  • Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), The Second Sex
  • Argues that living in a male-dominated society,
    women have been defined by their differences from
    men and consequently receive second-class status

25
Transformation in Womens Lives
  • Women need to average 2.1 children in order to
    ensure a natural replacement of a countrys
    population
  • Increasing number of women in the workforce
  • Womens liberation movement
  • Control over their own bodies
  • Political activism
  • Ecological activity
  • Women reach out to other women

26
The Growth of Terrorism
  • Munich Olympic games, 1972
  • Motivations
  • Militant nationalism seeking separate states
  • Attacks against the ruling government the IRA
  • Palestinian terrorists
  • Angry over the loss of land
  • Rome and Vienna, 1985
  • State sponsored terrorism
  • Pan American flight 103, December 21, 1988

27
Terrorist Attack on the United States
  • Attack on the World Trade Center and the
    Pentagon, September 11, 2001
  • Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
  • U.S. and NATO attack on Taliban-controlled
    centers in Afghanistan
  • New government in November
  • The West and Islam

28
Guest Workers and Immigrants
  • Labor shortages in the 1950s and 1960s in Western
    Europe forced reliance on foreign workers
  • Refugees
  • New restrictions on immigration

29
The Environment and the Green Movements
  • Ecological problems
  • Major political parties in Europe to advocate new
    regulations to protect the environment
  • Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986
  • Green Parties
  • Germany, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland

30
Western Culture Since 1945
  • Literature
  • Theater of the Absurd
  • Samuel Beckett (1906-1990), Waiting for Godot
  • Post-war disillusionment
  • Albert Camus (1913-1960) Jean-Paul Sartre
    (1905-1980)
  • Postmodernism
  • Art
  • Center of Western art at New York City after
    World War II
  • Abstract Expressionism
  • Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

31
The World of Science and Technology
  • Government and military sponsorship of science
  • Radar, rockets, jets, computers, atomic bomb
  • Computers
  • Questioning of science and technology

32
Varieties of Religious Life
  • Catholic revival
  • John XXIII and John Paul II
  • Fundamentalism
  • The Growth of Islam

33
The Explosion of Popular Culture
  • Popular culture and the Americanization of the
    world
  • Motion pictures
  • Popular music
  • Sports
  • Television

34
Discussion Questions
  • What steps have European nations taken to
    overcome their common problems since World War
    II?
  • How well have Eastern European states fared since
    the collapse of the Soviet Union?
  • How did U.S. involvement in Vietnam change
    American society and politics?
  • What factors contributed to a religious revival
    at the end of the twentieth century? What were
    the political consequences of this trend?
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