Title: BUS 417: Group Presentation Mahmoud Houshmand Francis Santos Ian Graf
1BUS 417 Group Presentation Mahmoud Houshmand
Francis Santos Ian Graf
The Canadian Oil and Gas Industry
2Presentation Overview
- Industry Analysis
- Industry Analysis and Regulation Ian
- Supply and Demand Mahmoud
- Oil Extraction and Refining Explained Francis
- Company Analysis and Recommendations
- Canadian Oil Sands Mahmoud
- Petro-Canada Ian
- Suncor Francis
3Industry Analysis
4Industry Analysis Agenda
- Industry Structure
- Products
- Regulation
- Supply and Demand
- Brief Overview of Oil Extraction and Refining
5Industry Analysis
- Canadian industry produced 77.5 billion in
revenues in 2003 - Canada is 3rd largest producer of natural gas in
the world - 9th largest producer of crude oil
- Canadian upstream sector is largest single
private investor
6Industry Analysis
- In 2003, the industry contributed approx. 16
billion to government revenues - Crude oil natural gas trade surplus responsible
for 57 of the countrys 2003 merchandise trade
balance - Canada responsible for over 20 of North
Americas crude oil and natural gas - However, we only consume 10
- Industrys total 2003 employment impact was
measured at 500,000
7Industry Structure
- Industry consists mainly of miners drillers,
refiners, and retailers - Many businesses take an integrated approach and
are involved in all aspects - Business is done locally and south of the border
utilize cross-border pipeline to distribute oil - Countrys largest source of crude oil is the
Canadian Oil Sands - American VP Dick Cheney described Canadas oil
sands as a, pillar of North American energy and
economic security.
8Industry Structure
- Mergers acquisitions are frequent
- Recent growth in royalty trusts (unit trusts)
- Highly regulated by Canadian government
- Affected by volatile oil prices, interest rate
fluctuations, international events
9Industry Structure
- Largest Canadian Oil Gas Companies (in
alphabetical order) - Albian Sands Energy Inc.
- Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.
- Canadian Oil Sands
- EnCana Corporation
- Husky Energy Inc.
- Imperial Oil Resources Ltd.
- Petro-Canada
- Shell Canada Ltd.
- Suncor Energy Inc.
- Syncrude Canada Ltd.
10Products
- Crude oil
- Refined to create petroleum gas, gasoline,
kerosene, lubricating oil, industrial fuel,
residuals - Natural gas
- Used commercially, residentially, in fuel cells,
building block for methanol which has many
industrial purposes - Ethanol
- Normally made from fermentation process but is
cheaper when processed from petroleum feedstock - Green Energy Sources
- Wind energy
11Regulation
- Four intertwining levels municipal, provincial,
national, international - Constitution Act 1982 gives jurisdiction to
provinces over natural resources - Natural Energy Board (Fed body) has control over
movement of oil gas, taxation, and tariffs - Department of energy collects royalties on behalf
of the province - Companies must adhere to applicable provincial
environmental acts and involve the public in
process - Extraction limits
- OSC requires companies to declare their reserve
levels every 90 days - Controls to reduce emissions ? Kyoto Accord
- Sept 11th called for increasing security of
pipelines
12Crude Oil Supply
- World Crude Oil Production By Region
13Crude Oil Demand
14Crude Oil Exports
- Crude oil exports have been growing in North
America
15Canadian Crude Oil Supply
- Second largest crude oil reserves after Saudi
Arabia - Canadian oil sands contains 175 billion barrels
of oil reserves - 420,000 barrels of crude have been approved off
Canadas east coast
16Canadian Oil Production Consumption
17Natural Gas Reserves
18Natural Gas Supply
19Natural Gas Demand
20Refined Products
21Crude Oil Prices
22Price of Oil Futures One Year Chart
23Oil Extraction
- Canadian Oil Sands
- 1. Mining
- Oil that is near the surface can extracted using
traditional techniques - 2. SAGD Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
- Because of the rising prices of natural gas,
crude producers are moving towards using bitumen
or high sulphur fuels to generate steam. - Natural Gas
- Wells are drilled and gas flows under its own
pressure.
24Oil Refining
- Steps
- 1. Fractional Distillation
- 2. Conversion
- 3. Recombination
- 4. Treatment
25Canadian Oil Sands
26Canadian Oil Sands Agenda
- Company Background
- Core Business
- Business Strategy
- Hedging Strategy
- Financial Statement Analysis
- Stock Price Performance
- Recommendation
27Background
- Canadian Oil Sands acts as a middleman between
oil producers and pipeline operators. - Takes possession of the oil and markets it to
pipelines - Generates income from a 35 interest in the
Syncrude operation in the Alberta Oil Sands. - Largest pure-play investment opportunity in Oil
Sands. - Organized as an Open-Ended Investment Trust.
- Currently has approximately 91.1 million units
outstanding. - Traded on TSX (Ticker COS.UN)
- Market Capitalization of approximately 5.8
Billion - Distributions in 2003 totaled 2.00 per unit
28Core Business
- Income trusts are equity investments designed to
deliver cash flows from operations to
shareholders in a tax-efficient manner. - Reduces double taxation of income.
- Core business is marketing oil from its 31 share
of Syncrude oil. - Pure-play oil company. Revenues derived solely
from selling crude oil.
29Business Strategy
- Expand Syncrude Production Capacity
- Expansion began in 2001.
- Expected to boost current production by 50 to
approximately 350,000 barrels per day 124,000
barrels per day net to Canadian Oil Sands Trust.
based on its interest. - Product quality will also be enhanced to Syncrude
Sweet Premium (SSP). - The total capital budget for the expansion is
estimated at 7.8 billion, or approximately 2.8
billion net to the Trust. - It is expected to be in-service by mid 2006.
30Corporate Value Drivers
- Increase production capacity from existing
assets. - Reduce operating costs of existing assets through
economies of scale and by upgrading process
technologies. - Increase reserves (asset base) by pursuing new
developments.
31Reserves
- Very long-life reserves compared to industry
- average.
- Thus, disbursements in income trust are quite
safe.
32Factors That Affect Financials
- Ongoing volatility of CDN/US exchange rates
- Ongoing volatility of global and North American
oil markets - New introduction of crude oil supply to North
America - Ongoing variability in refining retail margins
- Unscheduled maintenance shutdowns
- Oils Sands Alberta Crown Royalties
- Suncor ability to compete for projects
- Extreme cold weather in 4Q
33Hedging Strategy
- Value of revenues is dependent on
- Price of crude oil
- Exchange rate with USD
- Interest rate on debt
- Crude Oil Hedging
- Lost 82M in revenues in Q3 2004 (10.22 per
barrel). - YTD 2004 have incurred a 182M loss.
34Hedging Strategy (continued)
- Crude Oil Hedging (continued)
- As the funding requirements for expansion
diminish (and balance sheet becomes stronger due
to Stage 3 revenues), they intend to reduce crude
oil hedging - Foreign Exchange Hedging
- Q3 2004 made 3M in foreign exchange hedging
(0.39 per barrel). - Interest Rate Hedging
- Impact cash flows based on amount of floating
rate debt that is outstanding.
35Consolidated Balance Sheet
36Balance Sheet Analysis
- The trust increased its capital assets by 2.5
billion during 2003 (stage 3 expansion). - Capital assets are recorded at cost and include
the costs of acquiring the working interest and
subsequent additions to property, plant, and
equipment. - In February 2003, the trust gained 732 million
in new equity to finance a significant portion of
the 10 percent working interest in Syncrude from
EnCanca. In July 2003, an additional 220
million was raised. - The long term debt increased by 810 million.
37Consolidated Statement of Earnings
38Income Statement Analysis
- Revenues higher due to increased oil prices.
- Operating expense increased by 200 million
mainly because of an unplanned coker turnaround
and expended maintenance work. - Coker Vessels in which bitumen, the
molasses-like substance that comprises up to 18
of oil sand, is cracked into its fractions and
from which coke is withdrawn to start the process
of converting bitumen to upgraded crude oil. - Coker maintenance resulted in a 24 cent increase
in operating cost per barrel in 2003. - The trust lost 135 million as a result of
hedging.
39Stock-based Compensation
- Before Q3 of 2003, Canadian Oil Sands recorded no
compensation costs for unit options granted to
its employees and directors. - The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants
modified the rules for stock-based compensation
program. - During the third quarter of 2003, Canadian Oil
Sands adopted the fair-value method of accounting
for stock based compensation. - Compensation costs of 0.6 million have been
included as Administration expenses in the
companys net income.
40Statement of Cash Flow
41Cash Flow Statement Analysis
- Free cash flow amount to 2 billion dollars for
2003, due to the acquisition of Syncrude working
interest. - On February 28, 2003, Canadian Oil Sands closed
the acquisition With EnCana Corporation to
purchase an indirect 10 percent working interest
in Suncrude for approximately 1.05 billion cash - On July 10, 2003, Canadian Oil Sands purchased
EnCanas remaining 3.75 percent interest in
Syncrude for 430 million cash - The acquisition is treated as a purchase of asset
under GAAP - Cash flow from operating activities decreased due
to a 147 million foreign exchange loss on
long-term debt
42Financial Strength Ratios
43Stock Price Summary
- Traded on TSX
- Symbol COS.UN
- Current Price 55.79 CDN
- 91.1 million units outstanding
- Market Capitalization of approximately 5.1
Billion
44Stock Price Performance One Year Chart
45Stock Price Performance Five Year Chart
46Stock Price Performance Vs. Oil Gas Index One
Year Chart
47Recommendation
48Petro-Canada
49Petro-Canada Agenda
- Company Background
- Management Team and Executive Compensation
- Core Business Units
- Business Strategy
- Corporate Value Drivers
- Reserves
- Hedging Strategy
- Financial Statement Analysis
- Stock Price Performance
- Recommendation
50Company Background
- Petro-Canada was established in 1975 as a Crown
Corporation - Privatized in 1991 final government stake sold
in September 2004 - One of Canadas largest integrated oil and gas
companies - Produces 464,500 barrels of oil equivalent per
day (2003) - Earnings from operations (2003) 1.6 Billion
- More than 4,500 employees across Canada and
internationally - Publicly traded on TSX (PCA) and NYSE (PCZ)
- Stock price of 63.60 (Friday close)
- 262,100,000 shares outstanding
- Net capitalization exceeding 16 Billion
- Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta
All dollar figures in CDN dollars
51Management Team
- Ron A. Brenneman, President CEO.
- CEO since 2000. Over 30 years of experience in
the oil industry. Past CEO of Esso Benelux and
past president of Imperial Oil. - Harry Roberts, Senior VP CFO.
- 15 years experience with Petro-Canada and 15
years experience working in the financial
industry. - Kathleen E. Sendall, Senior VP for North American
Gas. - Over 25 years experience with Petro-Canada.
- Gordon Carrick, VP for East Coast Oil.
- Over 25 years experience in the oil industry 23
with Petro-Canada. - Brant Sangster, Senior VP for Oil Sands.
- Over 35 years experience in the oil industry
over 20 with Petro-Canada.
52Management Team (continued)
- Peter S. Kallos, Executive VP for International.
- Over 20 years experience in the oil industry.
Joined Petro-Canada in 2003. - Boris Jackman, Executive VP for Downstream.
- Over 10 years experience with Petro-Canada.
- Common thread amongst senior management is their
extensive experience with the company. - Philip Fishers Four Dimensions - The People
Factor - Attention must be paid to attracting competent
managers at lower levels and to training them for
larger responsibilities. Succession should
largely be from the available talent pool. (p.
379)
53Executive Compensation
- Base salary
- Competitive pay based on comparator group of
companies. - Annual performance incentives
- Based on degree of achievement of specific
predetermined corporate, business unit, and
individual objectives. - Executives may choose to receive all or part of
incentive in stock. - Stock options
- Annual awards of stock options link compensation
to creation of shareholder value. -
- During the fourth quarter of 2003, the Company
elected to begin prospectively expensing,
effective January 1, 2003, the value of stock
options pursuant to transitional accounting
provisions. As a result, the fair value of stock
options granted during 2003 is being charged to
earnings over the vesting period with a
corresponding increase in contributed surplus.
The effect of this change for the year ended
December 31, 2003 was a decrease in net earnings
of 9 million.
54Executive Compensation (continued)
55Executive Compensation (continued)
56Core Businesses Units
- North American Gas
- Explores for, produces, and markets natural gas.
- Exploration operations in Western Canada
(Alberta, Northeastern BC). - Produces 132,300 BOE per day (28 of company
total) - East Coast Oil
- Explores for, produces, and markets oil from
offshore Newfoundland (Terra Nova, Hibernia). - Produces 86,100 BOE per day (19)
- Oil Sands
- Heavily involved in Albertas oil sands.
- 100 interest in the MacKay River operation and
12 interest in Syncrude operation. - Produces 36,100 BOE per day (8)
57Core Businesses Units (continued)
- International
- Explores for, produces, and markets oil and
natural gas from Northwest Europe, North
Africa/Near East, and Northern Latin America. - Produces 210,000 BOE per day (45)
- Downstream Operations
- Refining
- Converts crude oil into refined products (gas,
diesel, lubricants). - Controls 17 of Canadas refining capacity.
- Marketing
- Markets petroleum products and services
nationwide in Petro-Canada service stations. - Second largest marketer of refined petroleum in
Canada (17 market share).
58Contribution of Business Units (Production -
BOE/d)
59Contribution of Business Units (Earnings)
In 2003 the Oil Sands business earned a loss of
50M (3)
60Business Strategy
- North American Gas Strategic Goals
- Maximize profitability in Western Canadian
properties by increasing exploration and drilling
in core areas. - Future Action Focus exploration and drilling in
core areas. - Pursue high-potential exploration plays such as
the Mackenzie Delta, Alaska, and offshore Nova
Scotia. - Future Action Continue to evaluate Mackenzie
Delta and Alaska properties in preparation for
future pipeline construction. - Pursue market expansion into liquefied natural
gas (LNG) - Future Action Commence construction on LNG
facility in Cacouna, PQ agreement to import LNG
from Russia
61Business Strategy (continued)
- East Coast Oil Strategic Goals
- Expand oil production base in offshore
Newfoundland. - Future Action Continue evaluating growth
opportunities in Terra Nova and Hibernia. - Pursue high-potential exploration plays
- Future Action Continue White Rose development,
targeting start-up in early 2006.
62Business Strategy (continued)
- Oil Sands Strategic Goals
- Continue developing reserves as market condition
evolve. - Expand Syncrude operations.
- Future Action Continue third phase of Syncrude
expansion. - Expand and upgrade refining capabilities.
- Future Action Commence improvement of Edmonton
refinery from conventional crude oil refinery to
bitumen refinery. - International Strategic Goals
- Continue developing existing International
reserves. - Future Action Continue exploration in the
U.K./Netherlands North Sea. - Target new theatres of operations.
- Future Action Where attractive, bid on Middle
East developments. - Downstream Operations Strategic Goals
- Focus on generating superior returns by
leveraging brand strength
63Corporate Value Drivers
- Increase production capacity from existing
assets. - Reduce operating costs of existing assets through
economies of scale and by upgrading process
technologies. - Increase reserves (asset base) by pursuing new
developments.
64Reserves
- Evaluating natural resource companies must
- take into account their ability to
replenish - their assets.
- Petro-Canada boasts 1.220 Billion BOE in
- proven reserves.
- At current production this will last 7 years.
65Factors that Affect Financials
- Ongoing volatility of CDN/US exchange rates
- Ongoing volatility of global and North American
oil markets - New introduction of crude oil supply to North
America - Ongoing variability in refining retail margins
- Unscheduled maintenance shutdowns
- Oil Sands Alberta Crown Royalties
- Ability to compete for projects
- Extreme cold weather in 4Q
- Cannot produce in very cold temperature
66Hedging Strategy
- Commodity Prices
- Significant risk exposure to price of crude oil
and natural gas. - Petro-Canada typically does not hedge this
exposure. - Foreign Exchange
- Petro-Canadas expense and revenue streams are
highly affected by the CDN/USD exchange rate - Partially offset because of integrated business
however, earnings are negatively affected by the
strengthening CDN dollar. - Petro-Canada does not hedge this currency
exposure.
67Balance Sheet
68Balance Sheet (continued)
- Assets
- Increase in cash on hand by 400M sign that
company is not rushing into imprudent
investments. - Property, plant, and equipment form more than
two-thirds of asset value. - Very capital intensive.
- Goodwill increased due to the acquisition of
International oil and gas produced Veba Oil Gas
GmbH.
69Balance Sheet (continued)
- Liabilities
- Current portion of long-term debt decreased by
350 million - Overall long-term debt decreased by 500 million
- Cancelled loans outstanding to provide
acquisition credit for Veba Oil Gas GmbH. - Also, this is a sign that the company is plowing
exceptional earnings into actively recalling
debt.
70Balance Sheet (continued)
- Equity
- Increased by 2 Billion in 2003 almost all
attributable to increase in retained earnings - Retained earnings increased by 1.5 Billion
dollars per quarter. - Since dividends increased as well (from 0.10 to
0.15 per share), we know that the increase in
retained earnings is due to higher profits
71Income Statement
72Income Statement (continued)
- Revenue
- Dramatic increase in revenues from 2002 to 2003.
- Expanded operations
- Higher oil prices
- YTD 2004 revenues are 10,880M.
- Expenses
- Crude oil purchases (sell their own crude oil,
buyback crude oil for refining closer to
distribution points). - Exploration expense decreased slightly
year-over-year. - Earnings
- Increase in net earnings and EPS is a function of
high oil prices in conjunction with the fact that
Petro-Canada does not hedge commodity prices.
73Statement of Cash Flows
74Statement of Cash Flows (continued)
- Property, Plant, and Equipment
- Spent 500M on PPE during 2003 large increase
in International investment
75Statement of Cash Flows (continued)
- Free Cash Flow CFO CFI
- YTD 2004 FCF negative due to acquisition of Prima
Energy Corporation (644M). - 2002 FCF negative due to acquisition of Veba Oil
Gas GmbH (spent 2.2 Billion) - Growth of acquisition helped fuel high cash flow
in 2003
76Financial Strength Ratios
77Stock Price Summary
- Stock Price (Friday Close)
- 63.60 CDN (TSX)
- 53.10 USD (NYSE)
- TSX Data for Friday, November 5th
- Last Traded 63.60
- Net Change -0.74 (-1.15)
- Volume 1,858,222
- 52 Week High 70.40
- 52 Week Low 54.50
78Stock Price Summary (continued)
79Stock Price Performance One Year Chart
Based on TSX Data (CDN dollars)
80Stock Price Performance Five Year Chart
Based on TSX Data (CDN dollars)
81Stock Price Performance Vs. Oil Gas Index One
Year Chart
Based on NYSE Data (PCZ and Oil Gas Index)
82Stock Price Performance Vs. SP 500 One Year
Chart
Based on NYSE Data (PCZ and SP 500)
83Recommendation
84Suncor Energy
85SunCor Agenda
- Company Background
- Management Team
- Core Business Segments
- Business Strategy
- Corporate Value Drivers
- Reserves
- Hedging Strategy
- Financial Statement Analysis
- Stock Price Performance
- Recommendation
86Company Background
- Suncor Energy is an integrated energy company.
- Formed in 1979 as a result of an amalgamation of
several operations. - Focused on developing the Athabasca Oil Sands
one of the worlds largest petroleum resource
basins. - 2004 YTD earnings are 337 million.
- Produces 264,900 barrels of oil per day
- 4,000 employees
- Listed on both the TSX and NYSE (Ticker SU).
- 39.88 CDN per share (Tues close)
- 453,420,617 shares outstanding
- Net capitalization exceeding 18 Billion CDN
- Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta.
87Management Team
- Richard L. George, President and CEO
- 23 years experience at Suncor 13 years as CEO.
- J. Kenneth Alley, Sr. VP and CFO
- 19 years experience at Suncor.
- Steven W. Williams, Exec. VP, Oil Sands
- Over 20 years of international energy industry
experience. - David W. Byler, Exec. VP, Natural Gas Renewable
Energy - 24 years experience at Suncor.
- Thomas L. Ryley, Exec. VP, Energy Marketing and
Refining - 20 years experience at Suncor.
- M. (Mike) Ashar, Exec. VP, Refining and Marketing
USA - 16 years experience at Suncor. Previous
experience with Petro-Canada.
88Management Compensation
89Core Business Segments
- Oil Sands
- Operating in Canadas Athabasca Oil Sands,
Alberta - Oil is part of bitumen can be extracted by
mining and by in-situ (onsite) - Surface mines produce majority of crude oil but
in-situ processes are expanding - Natural Gas
- Extracted through pressurized wells
-
- Energy Marketing Refining (Canada)
- Refine bitumen feedstock and natural gas and
market it to customers in Ontario, Quebec,
Northeastern USA - Sunoco chain of service stations in Ontario
- Refinery based in Sarnia, Ontario
90Core Business Segments (continued)
- Energy Marketing Refining (USA)
- In August 2003, Suncor acquired a Denver refinery
and 43 Phillips 66 service stations. - Expansion gives Suncor greater ability to move
oil products to American markets. - Renewable Energy
- Two projects in Canada
91Contribution of Business Units (Earnings)
92Business Strategy
- Athabasca Oil Sands
- Next major goal is a targeted production capacity
of 260,000 bpd by late 2005 - Focus on efficient operations and management to
maintain low crude oil production costs - Suncor continually will pursue new technology
that will reduce operating costs and
environmental impact - - Expanding oil sands operation is a priority
- - Planned 2007 expansion of Steepbank Mine, Fort
McMurray, Alberta - - Expansion of the second upgrader along with a
third one on 2010 - - Maintain oil sands cash operating costs at an
annual average of 10.75 to 11.75 per barrel
93Business Strategy (continued)
- Natural Gas
- Suncor has found a solution to deal with high
natural gas prices - Strategy is to exceed natural gas purchases for
internal consumption - Functions as a price hedge
- Energy Marketing Refining (Canada)
- Project Genesis Sarnia refinery is investing in
equipment to produce lower sulphur diesel - Helps to increase companys ability to
manufacture environmentally friendlier products
to meet demand - Energy Marketing Refining (USA)
- Looking to further integrate products and
services within the US, branching out from
Denver, Colorado. -
94Business Strategy (continued)
95Corporate Value Drivers
- Increase production capacity from existing
assets. - Reduce operating costs of existing assets through
economies of scale and by upgrading process
technologies. - Increase reserves (asset base) by pursuing new
developments. - Be a first-mover in new energy technologies such
as wind.
96Reserves
- Company has an estimated 12 billion barrels of
crude on hand that can be refined to produce
approximately 10 billion barrels of oil. - At current production this will last 10 years.
97Factors That Affect Financials
- Ongoing volatility of CDN/US exchange rates
- Ongoing volatility of global and North American
oil markets - New introduction of crude oil supply to North
America - Ongoing variability in refining retail margins
- Unscheduled maintenance shutdowns
- Oils Sands Alberta Crown Royalties
- Ability to compete for projects
- Extreme cold weather in 4Q
98Hedging Strategy
- Commodity Hedging Activities
- Company utilizes commodity based forwards,
futures, swaps and options. - Board authorized the hedging of 35 of crude oil
volume in 2004 and up to 30 for 2005-2007. - In 2003, hedging reduced net earnings by 155
million. - As of Q1, 2004, the BoD suspended the crude oil
hedging program and no new contracts were entered
in Q2 or Q3. - Financial Hedging Activities
- Employs interest rate and cross-currency swaps
- Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of
floating rate and fixed rate interest payments - Cross-currency swaps involve the exchange of CDN
dollar interest payments and US dollar interest
payments, and an exchange of the principal
amounts at the maturity date of the underlying
security.
99Hedging Strategy
100Income Statement
101Income Statement (continued)
102Balance Sheet
103Balance Sheet (continued)
- 1 Billion increase in PPE during 2003 due to
acquisitions
104Balance Sheet (continued)
- Retained earnings went up by 1 billion and
dividends have remained fairly stable - We can infer that Suncor is pumping most of their
money back into the company
105Statement of Cashflows
106Statement of Cash Flows (continued)
- Free Cash Flow CFO CFI
- 2003 FCF fell from 2002 due to investment in new
refinery and new retail stations business - 2001 FCF negative due to a large restructuring of
natural gas business - YTD 2004 FCF was not as drastically improved by
high oil prices because Suncor invested a large
amount in upgrading and expanding their
extraction and refining operations as well as
opening a new wind power facility
107Financial Strength Ratios
108Income Statement YTD
109Balance Sheet YTD
110Statement of Cashflows YTD
111Stock Price Summary (continued)
112Stock Price Performance One Year Chart (TSX)
113Stock Price Performance Five Year Chart (TSX)
114Recommendation
115Summary
116Summary
117Questions
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