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1
Section 1-5
Choosing Sides

• Seven states left the Union and formed the
  Confederacy in February 1861. ?

• Four more states joined in April Virginia, North
  Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. ?
• The capital was Richmond, Virginia, about 100
  miles south from the Unions capital of
  Washington, D.C.

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2
Section 1-6
Choosing Sides (cont.)

• The border states of Mississippi, Kentucky,
  Maryland, and Delaware stayed in the Union but
  were divided over which side to support. ?

• They played an important part in the war because
  of their location, and they would seriously
  damage the North if they seceded. ?

• Mississippi could control parts of the
  Mississippi River and major routes west. ?
• Kentucky controlled the Ohio River.

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3
Section 1-7
Choosing Sides (cont.)

• Delaware was close to the Norths important city
  of Philadelphia. ?

• Maryland was very close to Richmond, had
  important railroad lines, and had the Unions
  capital of Washington, D.C., within its borders.
  ?

• In April a mob in Baltimore attacked Northern
  troops. Confederate sympathizers burned railroad
  lines and cut the telegraph line to Washington,
  isolating it.

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4
Section 1-8
Choosing Sides (cont.)
Choosing Sides (cont.)

• Lincoln had to be cautious in his response so as
  not to upset the people of the border states and
  especially Maryland. ?

• He ended up arresting people who supported
  secession. ?
• His approach worked. The border states remained
  in the Union, but many of the citizens joined
  Southern armies.

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5
Section 1-9
Choosing Sides (cont.)

• Most white Southerners supported secession, but
  people in the Appalachian region of Tennessee and
  Virginia opposed it. ?

• In Virginia a movement to secede from the state
  and rejoin the Union grew. ?
• The separate state of West Virginia joined the
  Union in 1863.

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6
Section 1-11
Comparing North and South

• Both sides had advantages and disadvantages. The
  following were the Norths advantages ?

• a larger population ?
• more industry ?

• more resources ?
• more ships ?

• a better banking system to help raise money ?
• regular navy members who were mostly loyal to the
  Union ?
• a larger and more efficient railway system ?
• Abraham Lincolns dedication, intelligence,
  skill, and humanity

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7
Section 1-12
Comparing North and South (cont.)

• The following were the Norths disadvantages ?

• In order to bring the Southern states back into
  the Union it would have to invade and hold the
  South. ?
• Many people believed the South had a good chance
  of winning.

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8
Section 1-13
Comparing North and South (cont.)

• The following were the Southern advantages ?

• strong support for the war from the white
  population ?
• troops fighting on their own land ?
• superior military leadership at first (General
  Robert E. Lee)

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9
Section 1-14
Comparing North and South (cont.)

• The following were the Souths disadvantages ?

• a smaller population ?
• few factories ?
• fewer resources, including an inferior railroad
  system with fewer than half the miles of track
  and fewer trains than the North ?
• belief in states right that limited a strong
  central governments power

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10
Section 1-15
Comparing North and South (cont.)

• War goals were different. The North at first
  wanted to bring the Southern states back into the
  Union and later wanted to also end slavery. The
  Unions plan had three parts ?

• Blockade Southern ports to prevent supplies from
  entering and cotton from being exported. ?
• Gain control of the Mississippi River to cut
  Southern supply lines and to split the
  Confederacy. ?
• Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital.

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11
Section 1-16
Comparing North and South (cont.)

• The Souths goal was to win recognition as an
  independent nation so the South could preserve
  its traditional way of life, including slavery.
  Its strategy included the following ?

• holding on to as much territory as possible until
  the North tired of fighting ?
• having Britain and France pressure the North to
  end the war ?
• sometimes going on the attack by moving north to
  threaten Washington, D.C., and other Northern
  cities

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12
Section 1-18
American People at War

• Soldiers came from all walks of life although
  many came from farms. ?

• One difficult aspect of the Civil War was that
  Americans were fighting other Americans. ?
• The average soldiers age was 25 years, but about
  40 percent were 21 or younger. ?
• A soldiers term was 90 days at first, but then
  became longer when the war did not end quickly.

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13
Section 1-19
American People at War (cont.)

• The number of soldiers from the North and South
  differed greatly. ?

• By the summer of 1861, the Confederate army, also
  called Rebels, had about 112,000 soldiers. The
  Union, or Yankee, soldiers numbered about
  187,000. ?
• By the end of the war, about 850,000 men fought
  for the Confederacy, and about 2.1 million men
  fought for the Union. ?
• About 200,000 African Americans fought for the
  Union, and about 10,000 Hispanics fought in the
  conflict.

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14
Section 1-20
American People at War (cont.)

• Both sides expected the war to end quickly. ?

• Some leaders saw the war would be a long one. ?
• Northern General William Tecumseh Sherman
  predicted a very long war, and his prediction
  was accurate.

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15
Section 2-5
First Battle of Bull Run

• The first major battle of the Civil War was
  called the First Battle of Bull Run. ?

• It was fought in northern Virginia near a river
  called Bull Run. ?
• The Confederates were victorious. ?
• Union troops attacked Confederate forces led by
  General P.G.T. Beauregard. ?
• Next, the Rebels rallied under General Thomas
  Stonewall Jacksons reinforcement troops and
  counterattacked the Yankees.

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Section 2-6
First Battle of Bull Run (cont.)

• Then, the Union army retreated back to
  Washington, D.C., first in an orderly fashion and
  then in a panic. ?

• The Confederate victory shocked the North. ?
• Northerners realized that the war could be a
  long, hard, and costly one. ?
• Abraham Lincoln signed two bills requesting a
  total of one million army volunteers to serve for
  three years. ?
• He also appointed General George B. McClellan to
  head the Union army of the East called the Army
  of the Potomac.

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17
Section 2-8
War at Sea

• Lincoln ordered a blockade of Southern ports to
  prevent the South from exporting its cotton and
  importing necessary supplies such as guns,
  ammunition, and food. ?

• It did not close off all Southern trade, but it
  did reduce trade by more than two-thirds. ?
• Over time the North also built more ships to
  better enforce the blockade.

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18
Section 2-9
War at Sea (cont.)

• A new era in naval warfare began when the Norths
  Monitor and the Souths Merrimack, renamed
  Virginia, exchanged fire in March 1862. ?

• Both ships were wooden ships covered with thick
  iron plates, making them sturdy and hard to sink.
  ?
• The Union was the victor because the Merrimack
  never again threatened Northern ships.

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19
Section 2-11
War in the West

• The main goal of the North was to gain control of
  the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers in the west
  to make it hard for the South to transport goods.
  ?

• The North had early victories in 1862 under the
  command of Ulysses S. Grant. ?

• Grant captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River
  in February 1862. ?
• Grant also captured Fort Donelson on the
  Cumberland River ten days later.

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20
Section 2-12
War in the West (cont.)

• The control of the lower Tennessee River allowed
  Union troops to march into Tennessee,
  Mississippi, and Alabama. ?

• The Union victories also drove the Confederacy
  out of Kentucky, a state that the South had hoped
  it would be able to persuade to secede.

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21
Section 2-13
War in the West (cont.)

• Another major battle in the West, the Battle of
  Shiloh, saw the Union win a narrow victory. ?

• A very bloody two-day battle with 20,000
  casualties on both sides ended with Union forces
  gaining control of Corinth, Mississippi, on May
  30, 1862, and Memphis, Tennessee, on June 6. ?

• The fighting began on April 6 when Confederate
  forces led a surprise attack on Union troops. ?
• The Confederacy drove Grant and his troops back
  to the Tennessee River.

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22
Section 2-14
War in the West (cont.)

• The second day the Union forces defeated the
  Confederacy with the help of 25,000 troops from
  Nashville and shelling from gunboats on the
  river. ?

• The Confederacy withdrew to Corinth.

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23
Section 2-15
War in the West (cont.)

• The North won another important victory on April
  25, 1862, with the capture of New Orleans,
  Louisiana, under the command of David Farraguts
  naval forces. ?

• The capture meant that the Confederacy could no
  longer use the Mississippi River to carry its
  crops to sea.

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24
Section 2-17
War in the East

• The war in the East was not as successful for the
  Union. ?

• The Unions goal of capturing the Confederate
  capital of Richmond, Virginia, was never met. ?
• The Southern strategy of making the North tired
  of fighting seemed to be working. ?

• General McClellan did not act promptly on
  Lincolns orders to advance directly to Richmond.

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25
Section 2-18
War in the East (cont.)

• Instead, he took his troops by ship on a
  several-week circular route known as the
  Peninsular Campaign to a peninsula between the
  York and James Rivers southeast of Richmond. ?

• When the Union and Confederate forces finally met
  in June, at what is known as the Seven Days
  Battle, Confederate General Robert E. Lee took
  command. ?
• He eventually drove the Yankees back to the James
  River.

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26
Section 2-19
War in the East (cont.)

• Richmond was never captured, and the Confederates
  were only 20 miles away from Washington, D.C. ?

• McClellans army was pushed back, but it was
  larger than Lees and still close to Richmond. ?
• When McClellan did not renew his attack toward
  Richmond, Lincoln ordered him to Northern
  Virginia to join Major General John Popes troops.

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27
Section 2-20
War in the East (cont.)

• Stonewall Jacksons troops met Lees army and
  were attacked by Popes troops on August 29 at
  Bull Run. ?

• The Second Battle of Bull Run was won by the
  Confederacy.

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28
Section 2-21
War in the East (cont.)

• Another major battle, the Battle of Antietam,
  occurred on September 17. ?

• Both armies suffered severe losses, but neither
  was destroyed. ?
• General Lee withdrew to Virginia, so the Union
  claimed victory. ?
• Additionally Lincoln used the battle to change
  Northern war aims and take action against slavery.

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29
Section 2-22
War in the East (cont.)

• Lees army marched into Maryland in September
  1862, and McClellan with his 80,000 troops moved
  slowly after them. ?

• After a McClellan soldier found a copy of Lees
  orders, McClellan knew Lees plans, but because
  he was so cautious and acted so slowly, Lee was
  able to gather his forces along the Antietam
  Creek. ?
• September 17, the bloodiest day of the war, saw
  close to 6,000 soldiers dead or dying and another
  17,000 seriously wounded.

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30
Section 2-23
War in the East (cont.)

• The next day Lee withdrew. ?

• When McClellan refused to obey Lincolns order to
  pursue Lee, Lincoln replaced McClellan with
  General Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army
  of the Potomac.

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31
Section 3-5
Emancipation

• The Norths original war goal was to preserve the
  Union rather than to destroy slavery. ?

• Lincoln and other Republican leaders had stated
  they would act only to prevent the expansion of
  slavery. ?
• Lincoln was hesitant to move against slavery
  because of the border states. ?
• He did not want to divide the people and make the
  war less popular.

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32
Section 3-6
Emancipation (cont.)

• As the war went on, many Northerners thought that
  slavery was helping the war effort in the South.
  ?

• Anything that weakened slavery weakened the
  Confederacy in the Norths view. ?
• In 1861 and 1862, Congress passed laws that freed
  enslaved people who were held by people active in
  the rebellion against the Union. ?
• Some African Americans escaped slavery by going
  into territory held by the Union army.

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33
Section 3-7
Emancipation (cont.)

• Lincoln decided to take action on slavery. ?

• He thought that as president he should be the
  one to make the decision to end slavery, not
  Congress. ?
• On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the
  Emancipation Proclamation. It said that all
  persons held as slaves within any state . . . in
  rebellion against the United States, shall be
  then, thenceforward, and forever free.

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34
Section 3-8
Emancipation (cont.)

• There were several effects of the proclamation ?

• It did not actually free anyone. The Thirteenth
  Amendment, ratified by Congress in 1865, truly
  freed enslaved Americans. ?
• Lincoln hoped that word of the proclamation would
  encourage enslaved people to run away. Before the
  Emancipation Proclamation, about 100,000 African
  Americans left for the safety of the Union.

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35
Section 3-9
Emancipation (cont.)

• Northern African Americans were pleased by the
  decree. ?

• Because Britain and France opposed slavery, they
  decided to withhold recognition of the
  Confederacy.

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36
Section 3-11
African Americans in the War

• African Americans helped the war effort in the
  North and South. ?

• In the North, African Americans were not
  permitted to serve as soldiers at the beginning
  of the war. However, the Union navy accepted
  them. ?
• Others, such as Harriet Tubman of the Underground
  Railroad, were able to help the North as spies or
  guides behind Confederate lines.

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37
Section 3-12
African Americans in the War (cont.)

• In 1862 African Americans were allowed to serve
  in the Union army. ?

• Both free African Americans and those who escaped
  slavery enlisted. ?
• By the end of the war, African American
  volunteers made up almost 10 percent of the Union
  army and 18 percent of the navy. ?
• About 200,000 African Americans served and 37,000
  died defending the Union.

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38
Section 3-13
African Americans in the War (cont.)

• African American regiments were separate from the
  rest of the Union army. ?

• Most command officers were white. ?
• After protest about unequal pay, African American
  and white soldiers received the same pay in 1864.

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39
Section 3-14
African Americans in the War (cont.)

• The 54th Massachusetts led by white abolitionists
  was one of the most famous African American
  regiments. ?

• Their bravery in a battle against a Confederate
  fort near Charleston, South Carolina, in July
  1863 won respect for African American troops.

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40
Section 3-15
African Americans in the War (cont.)

• African Americans did not serve in the
  Confederate military at first because white
  Southerners were afraid of a slave rebellion. ?

• Near the end of the war, though, the Confederacy
  needed men. ?
• The Confederate Congress passed a law in 1865 to
  enlist enslaved people. ?
• The law did not include automatic freedom just
  because the men served as soldiers. ?
• The war ended before any regiments were organized.

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41
Section 3-16
African Americans in the War (cont.)

• People had different attitudes toward African
  Americans as soldiers. ?

• Lincolns opponents criticized the use of
  African American soldiers. ?
• Many white Southerners were also outraged and
  threatened to execute any they captured and did
  execute some. ?
• Enslaved workers were overjoyed to see African
  American soldiers in the Union army.

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42
Section 4-5
The Lives of Soldiers

• The enthusiasm of the volunteers who rushed to
  sign up at the beginning of the war did not last.
  ?

• A soldiers life was not easy. It was filled with
  boredom, bad food, discomfort, sickness, fear,
  and horror. ?
• Soldiers lived in camps. ?
• Between battles sometimes the men forgot that
  they were enemies.

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Section 4-6
The Lives of Soldiers (cont.)

• The realities of the war left both sides with
  terrible losses. ?

• The medical facilities could not always handle
  all the casualties. ?
• Hunger, sickness, fear, and lack of supplies
  caused many soldiers to desert. ?
• About one of every eleven Union soldiers and one
  of every eight Confederates ran away.

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44
Section 4-8
Women and the War

• During the war, women took on new
  responsibilities, such as becoming teachers,
  government workers, and office or factory
  workers. ?

• Some managed farms. ?
• Many worked to help the armies by collecting and
  distributing food, clothing, and medicine. ?
• Some made ammunition, wove blankets, and rolled
  bandages. ?
• Many also mourned the loss of the men who went to
  war.

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45
Section 4-9
Women and the War (cont.)

• Women who stayed home in the North did not suffer
  the disruption in their daily lives that the
  women in the South did. ?

• The blockade caused the South to run out of
  almost everything animal feed, meat, clothing,
  medicine, and shelter. ?
• The marching armies destroyed the crops and homes
  of those that lay in their path.

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46
Section 4-10
Women and the War (cont.)

• Some women were spies and disguised themselves as
  men to become soldiers. ?

• Harriet Tubman spied for the North. ?
• Rose ONeal Greenhow spied for the South, was
  caught, convicted of treason, and exiled. ?
• Belle Boyd was an informant for the South.

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47
Section 4-11
Women and the War (cont.)

• Thousands of women were nurses, although some men
  disapproved of women doing mens work or tending
  to strangers. ?

• Women such as Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, and
  Sally Tompkins became well-known for their work
  as military nurses.

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48
Section 4-13
Opposition to the War

• Some politicians and citizens opposed the war
  because they objected to the wartime policies and
  how the war affected their lives. ?

• In the North the Democrats split into two groups.
  ?
• One group supported Lincolns policies. ?
• The other group, called Peace Democrats, wanted
  to negotiate with the Confederacy.

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49
Section 4-14
Opposition to the War (cont.)

• Republican newspapers called this group
  Copperheads, and some Republicans suspected them
  of aiding the Confederates. ?

• The number of volunteers declined in the North
  and the South as the war continued. ?

• In order to have enough men to serve, the
  Confederate Congress passed a draft law in April
  1862. ?
• It required men between 18 and 35 to serve for
  three years. ?
• To avoid the draft a person could hire a
  substitute.

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50
Section 4-15
Opposition to the War (cont.)

• Union states offered bounties, or payments, to
  encourage volunteers. ?

• When this failed, the Union organized a draft in
  March 1863. ?
• Men 20 to 40 had to register. ?
• From this pool of names, the army selected the
  soldiers it needed. ?
• To avoid the draft, a person could hire a
  substitute or pay 300 to the government.

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Section 4-16
Opposition to the War (cont.)

• Protests because of the draft laws erupted in the
  North and South. ?

• The worst occurrence was in New York City in July
  1863 when, after four days of terror, an angry
  mob had to be quieted by the Army of the Potomac.
  ?
• In the South many opposed the draft. ?
• Their president, Jefferson Davis, proclaimed
  military law and suspended habeas corpus, or the
  right of an accused person to a hearing before
  being jailed. This outraged Southerners even more.

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52
Section 4-18
War and the Economy

• Both sides financed the war by borrowing money,
  increasing taxes, and printing paper money. ?

• The North borrowed more than 2 billion, and the
  South raised more than 700 million by issuing
  war bonds that paid a high interest. ?

• The Union passed an income tax in 1861, and the
  Confederacy also imposed an income tax when the
  states did not provide enough money.

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53
Section 4-19
War and the Economy (cont.)

• Paper money issued in the North was called
  greenbacks. ?

• The South printed much more money than the North,
  hoping it would help pay for the cost of the war.

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54
Section 4-20
War and the Economy (cont.)

• Even with inflation, the Northern economy boomed.
  ?

• Farmers prospered because of the need for a
  steady food supply for the soldiers. ?
• Factory production grew as the demand grew for
  items such as guns, ammunition, uniforms, and
  shoes.

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55
Section 4-21
War and the Economy (cont.)

• The Southern economy suffered. ?

• It did not have industry to provide arms and
  ammunition and other necessities. ?
• Farmland was ruined by troops, and rail lines
  were torn up during the battles. ?
• The Norths blockade caused severe shortages of
  essential goods. ?
• Prices rose because of the scarcity of goods. ?
• Soldiers left their service to return to help
  their families.

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56
Section 5-5
Southern Victories

• Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia seemed
  too strong to beat in 1862 and 1863. ?

• They easily won the Battle of Fredericksburg on
  December 13, 1862, in Virginia against General
  Ambrose Burnside. ?
• Because of his failure, Burnside resigned.
  General Joseph Hooker replaced him.

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57
Section 5-6
Southern Victories (cont.)

• Hooker rebuilt the army, but Lee attacked his
  troops first and won another victory at
  Chancellorsville, Virginia, near Fredericksburg
  in May 1863. ?

• General Stonewall Jackson was among the heavy
  casualties. ?
• Jackson died at Chancellorsville from an
  accidental shot by one of the Confederate
  companies. He died a week later.

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58
Section 5-8
The Tide of War Turns

• Lee decided to invade the North, hoping to win
  aid for the Confederacy from Britain and France.
  ?

• The South was not victorious as he moved his
  75,000 troops north in June. ?
• Union General George Meade replaced General
  Hooker to find and fight Lees troops and protect
  Washington, D.C., and Baltimore from attack.

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Section 5-9
The Tide of War Turns (cont.)

• The armies fought the three-day Battle of
  Gettysburg in July 1863. ?

• On the third day, 14,000 Confederate forces, led
  by General Pickett, advanced toward Union lines.
  ?
• The Union fired as the Confederate troops marched
  across open territory. ?
• Lees troops retreated to Virginia in defeat.

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Section 5-10
The Tide of War Turns (cont.)

• Another Northern victory occurred at the Battle
  of Vicksburg, Mississippi. ?

• The Union gained control of the Mississippi
  River, a war goal, and isolated the western
  Confederacy. ?
• This and the Battle of Gettysburg were turning
  points in the war.

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61
Section 5-11
The Tide of War Turns (cont.)

• On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gave his famous
  Gettysburg Address at a ceremony dedicating a
  cemetery at Gettysburg. ?

• The speech helped Americans look ahead and focus
  on building America.

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62
Section 5-13
Final Phases of the War

• New Union leadership brought new plans to attack
  the Confederacy. ?

• After the Northern victory at Chattanooga,
  Tennessee, led by Generals Grant and Sherman,
  Lincoln named Grant commander of all the Union
  armies. ?
• The plan was to have the Army of the Potomac
  crush Lees army in Virginia. ?
• The western army under Sherman would advance to
  Atlanta and crush the Confederates in the Deep
  South.

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63
Section 5-14
Final Phases of the War (cont.)

• Grants and Lees armies met in three battles
  near Richmond the Battles of the Wilderness,
  Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Cold Harbor. ?

• The Confederacy held firm each time Grant resumed
  the attack. ?
• Another attack at Petersburg turned into a
  nine-month siege. ?
• Grant hoped that Richmond would fall, thereby
  cutting it off from the rest of the Confederacy.

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64
Section 5-15
Final Phases of the War (cont.)

• The North lost thousands of men and grew tired of
  the war. ?

• Democrats wanted to make peace with the South,
  but Lincoln wanted to restore the Union. ?
• The end of the war was in sight, and Lincoln won
  reelection easily.

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65
Section 5-16
Final Phases of the War (cont.)

• In September 1864 Sherman captured Atlanta, and
  the Confederates were driven out of Shenandoah
  Valley in Virginia. ?

• Shermans army waged total war as it then
  advanced from Atlanta toward Savannah, Georgia,
  destroying farms, killing animals, and tearing up
  railroad lines along the way. ?
• It captured Savannah and devastated South
  Carolina as the troops moved to meet Grant in
  Virginia.

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66
Section 5-18
Victory for the North

• Lincoln talked about the end of the war and the
  hope for peace in his second Inaugural Address in
  1865. ?

• On April 2, 1865, Lee withdrew his troops. ?
• Rebel troops, civilians, and government officials
  fled, setting fire to the city of Richmond as
  they left.

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67
Section 5-19
Victory for the North (cont.)

• On April 9, 1865, Lee and his troops surrendered
  to Grant at Appomattox Court House, a small
  Virginia village. ?

• Grant asked only for their arms, letting them
  keep their horses and giving them three days
  supply of food.

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68
Section 5-20
Victory for the North (cont.)

• Confederate forces in North Carolina surrendered
  to General Sherman several days later. ?

• Jefferson Davis, the president of the
  Confederacy, was captured on May 10 in Georgia.
  ?
• The war was over.

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69
Section 5-21
Victory for the North (cont.)

• The war had several consequences. ?

• The Civil War was the most devastating in
  American history. More than 600,000 soldiers
  died. It caused billions of dollars worth of
  damage, mostly in the South. ?
• Bitter feelings between Southerners and
  Northerners lasted for generations. ?
• The federal government was strengthened and
  became more powerful than the states. ?
• The war freed millions of African Americans.

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