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Infancy: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction

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Truth or Fiction? ... Treatment by caregivers determines whether they are difficult or easy-going. ... Females who later bore children ignored or abused them ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction


1
Chapter 7InfancySocial and Emotional
Development
2
Infancy Social and Emotional Development
Truth or Fiction?
  • Infants who are securely attached to their
    mothers do not like to stray from them.
  • You can estimate how strongly infants are
    attached to their fathers if you know how many
    diapers per week the father changes.

3
Infancy Social and Emotional Development
Truth or Fiction?
  • Child abusers have frequently been the victims of
    child abuse themselves.
  • Autistic children may respond to people as if
    they were pieces of furniture.

4
Infancy Social and Emotional Development
Truth or Fiction?
  • Children placed in day care are more aggressive
    than children who are cared for in the home.
  • Fear of strangers is abnormal among infants.

5
Infancy Social and Emotional Development
Truth or Fiction?
  • All children are born with the same
    temperament. Treatment by caregivers determines
    whether they are difficult or easy-going.
  • Girls prefer dolls and toy animals, and boys
    prefer trucks and sports equipment only after
    they have become aware of the gender roles
    assigned to them by society.

6
Attachment
  • Bonds That Endure

7
What is Meant by Attachment?
  • Enduring emotional tie between one animal/person
    and another specific individual
  • Separation anxiety
  • Experienced by infant when contact can not be
    maintained with caregiver
  • Attachment is assessed by Strange Situation

8
Patterns of Attachment?
  • Secure attachment
  • Mildly protest mothers departure, seek
    interaction upon her return and are easily
    comforted by her
  • Avoidant attachment
  • Least distressed by mothers departure, ignore
    mother upon her return
  • Ambivalent/resistant attachment
  • Show severe distress when mother leaves and
    ambivalence upon her return, clinging and pushing
    away their mother
  • Disorganized/disoriented attachment
  • Dazed, confused or disoriented

9
Developing in a World of Diversity
  • Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment

10
Is it Better for an Infant to be Securely
Attached to its Caregiver?
  • Securely attached infants and toddlers
  • Happier, more sociable, more cooperative
  • Use mother as secure base for exploration
  • Have longer attention spans, are less impulsive
    and better problem solvers
  • At 5 and 6, are better liked, more competent,
    less aggressive and have fewer behavioral problems

11
What are the Roles of the Parents in the
Formation of Bonds of Attachment?
  • High-quality care contributes to security
  • Siblings develop similar attachment relationships
    with their mother
  • Infants temperament and caregivers behavior
    both contribute to attachment
  • What determines an infants attachment to their
    father?
  • Quality of the time the father spends with the
    baby
  • Amount of affectionate interaction between father
    and infant

12
Stability of Attachment?
  • When caregiving remains constant attachment
    persists
  • When caregiving changes attachment can change
  • Early attachment patterns tend to endure even
    into adulthood

13
What did Ainsworth Learn about Stages of
Attachment?
  • Three phases of attachment
  • Initial-preattachment phase
  • Birth to 3 months indiscriminate affection
  • Attachment-in-the-making phase
  • 3 to 6 months preference for familiar figures
  • Clear-cut-attachment phase
  • Begins at 6 months intensified dependence on
    primary caregiver
  • Most children form more than one attachment

14
Figure 7.2 The Development of Attachment
15
How do Different Theorists Emphasize Nature or
Nurture in their Explanation of the Development
of Attachment?
  • Cognitive View of Attachment
  • Infant must develop object permanence prior to
    forming attachment
  • Behavioral View of Attachment
  • Infants become conditioned to caregivers
  • Psychoanalytic Views of Attachment
  • Caregiver becomes a love object
  • Harlows View of Attachment
  • Content comfort is key to attachment

16
How do Different Theorists Emphasize Nature or
Nurture in their Explanation of the Development
of Attachment?
  • Ethological View of Attachment
  • Attachment is an inborn fixed action pattern
    (FAP) which occurs during a critical period in
    response to releasing stimulus.
  • In humans, babys smile in response to human
    voice or face
  • 2-3-month emergence of social smile
  • In non-humans, FAP occurs during critical period
    imprinting

17
A Closer Look
  • Hormones and AttachmentOf Mice and Men and
    Women and Infants

18
When Attachment Fails
19
What are the Findings of the Harlows Studies on
the Effects of Social Deprivation with Monkeys?
  • Monkeys reared in isolation
  • Later avoided contact with other monkeys
  • Did not attempt to fend off attacks by other
    monkeys
  • Females who later bore children ignored or abused
    them
  • Attempts to overcome effects of deprivation
  • Deprived monkeys are placed with younger monkeys
  • Eventually expand contacts with other monkeys
  • Children socially withdrawn and placed with
    younger playmates make gains in social and
    emotional development

20
What do we Know about the Effects of Social
Deprivation on Humans?
  • Institutionalized children with little social
    stimulation encounter developmental problems
  • May become withdrawn and depressed
  • Infants may require sensory stimulation and
    social interference more than a specific
    relationship with a primary caregiver
  • Infants have much capacity to recover from
    deprivation

21
Figure 7.7 The Development of Adopted Children
Separated from Temporary Foster Parents
22
What is the Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect?
  • Nearly 3 million American children are neglected
    or abused each year
  • 1 in 6 experiences serious injury
  • More than 150,000 are sexually abused
  • Researchers believe 50- 60 of abuse and neglect
    go unreported
  • Abused children show high incidence of personal,
    social problems, and psychological disorders
  • Less securely attached to parents
  • Less intimate with peers
  • More aggressive, angry and noncompliant with
    other children

23
A Closer Look
  • How Child Abuse May Set the Stage for
    Psychological Disorders in Adulthood

24
Causes of Child Abuse
  • Situational stress
  • History of child abuse
  • Lack of coping and problem solving skills
  • Deficiency in child-rearing skills
  • Substance abuse

25
Why Does Child Abuse Run in Families?
  • Parents are role models, even abusive ones
  • Exposure to violence may lead to violence as a
    norm
  • Rationalization of hurting children

26
Dealing with Child Abuse
  • Reporting child abuse
  • Many states require suspicions to be reported
  • Preventing child abuse
  • Strengthening parenting skills
  • Home visits to high risk groups
  • Providing information, ie. child abuse hotline

27
A Closer Look
  • What to Do if You Think a Child Has Been the
    Victim of Sexual Abuse

28
Autism Spectrum Disorders
29
What are Autism Spectrum Disorders?
  • Characterized by impairment in communication
    skills, social interactions, and repetitive
    stereotyped behavior
  • Becomes evident by age 3
  • Forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
  • Aspergers disorder social deficits and
    stereotyped behavior
  • Retts disorder physical, behavioral, motor and
    cognitive abnormalities, begins a few months
    after normal development
  • Childhood disintegrative disorder loss of
    previously acquired skills, begins 2 years after
    normal development

30
What is Autism?
  • Children with autism do not show interest in
    social interaction, may avoid eye contact and
    have weak or absent attachment
  • Features of autism
  • aloneness
  • communication problems
  • intolerance of change
  • stereotypical behaviors
  • mutism
  • echolalia
  • self-mutilation

31
What are the Origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
  • Biological factors
  • Evidenced by genetic studies
  • Focus on neurological involvement
  • Abnormal brain wave patterns or seizures
  • Structural differences in brains
  • Fewer receptors for neurotransmitters

32
What Can be Done to Help Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorders?
  • Behavior modification
  • Drug therapies are under study
  • Use of SSRIs and major tranquilizers

33
Day Care
34
Does Day Care Affect Childrens Bonds of
Attachment? Does it Affect Social and Cognitive
Development?
  • No highly likelihood of insecure attachment for
    infants in day care
  • Social development of children in day care
  • More independent, self confident, outgoing,
    affectionate and more cooperative
  • Cognitive development of children in quality day
    care
  • Outperform children who remain at home
  • Children in day care show more aggression
  • Aggression may indicate independence

35
A Closer Look
  • Finding Day Care You
  • (and Your Children) Can Live With

36
Emotional Development
37
What are Emotions?
  • A state of feeling that has physiological,
    situational, and cognitive components
  • Physiological body reaction
  • Situational environmental presence
  • Cognitive ideas and thoughts

38
How do Emotions Develop?
  • Bridges and Stroufes Theory of Emotion
  • Born with one emotion diffused excitement
  • Other emotions differentiate over time
  • Cognitive development is necessary for
    differentiation of emotions
  • Izards Theory of Emotion
  • Born with several emotional states
  • Appearance of those emotions is linked to
    cognitive development and social experiences

39
Figure 7.8 Illustrations from Izards Maximally
Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System
40
Is Fear of Strangers Normal?
  • Fear of strangers stranger anxiety is normal
  • Appears at about 6 to 9 months
  • Development of stranger anxiety
  • 4 5 months smile more at mother than
    strangers
  • Older infants show distress
  • Fear peaks at 9 to 12 months and decline in 2nd
    year, or
  • Second peak at 18 to 24 months and decline in 3rd
    year
  • Show less distress when mothers are present
  • Closer to stranger, more distressed

41
When Does Social Referencing Develop?
  • Social referencing seeking anothers perception
    of a situation to help form our own view
  • Development of social referencing
  • Appears as early as 6 months
  • Use caregivers facial expression and tone of
    voice

42
What is Emotional Regulation?
  • Refers to ways young children control their own
    emotions
  • Caregivers help infants learn to regulate
    emotions
  • Interplay between caregiver and infant
  • Secure mothers children more able to positively
    regulate emotions

43
Personality Development
44
What is Self-Concept?
  • The sense of self
  • Emerges gradually during infancy
  • Development of self-concept
  • Mirror technique 18 months - infants
    demonstrate self concept
  • 30 months can point to their own picture
  • Presence of self-awareness allows
  • Sharing and cooperation
  • Self-conscious emotions

45
Psychoanalytic Views of Self-Concept
  • Separation-individuation
  • Necessary for self-concept (5 months through 3
    years)
  • Erikson task is to develop autonomy
  • Freud - task is to develop independence and
    control but focuses on childs bodily functions
  • Demonstration of autonomy and independence
  • Noncompliance with parental requests

46
What is Meant by the Temperament of a Child?
  • Characteristic way of relating and adapting to
    the world present very early in life
  • Basic core of personality
  • Has a genetic component
  • Research establishes characteristics of
    temperament

47
What Types of Temperament do we Find among
Children?
  • Thomas and Chess (1989) three types of
    temperament
  • Easy (40 of sample)
  • regular schedule, adapts easily, generally
    cheerful
  • Difficult (10 of sample)
  • irregular schedule, slow at accept and adapt to
    change, responds negatively
  • Slow to warm up (15 of sample)
  • somewhat irregular schedule, respond negatively
    to new experiences, but adapt slowly after
    repeated exposure

48
Goodness of Fit
  • Good fit
  • Parents modify expectations, attitudes and
    behaviors to assist child In developing a more
    positive temperament
  • Poor fit
  • Discrepancy between childs behavior style and
    parents expectations

49
How do Girls and Boys Differ in their Social,
Emotional and Other Behaviors?
  • Infant behaviors
  • Girls sit, crawl and walk earlier than boys
  • By 12 to 18 months difference in toy preference
  • girls prefer dolls, doll furniture, dishes and
    toy animals
  • boys prefer transportation toys, tools, and
    sports equipment
  • Adult behaviors
  • Adults respond differently to boys and girls
  • Parent behaviors
  • More rough and tumble play with sons
  • Talk to and smile at daughters more
  • Favorable reactions when child plays with
    appropriate gender toys

50
Lessons in Observation Gender
  • Are sex differences present at birth or learned?
    Support your answer with research.What evidence
    can you find in the video to support the idea
    that sex differences are present at birth or
    learned.
  • How do the adults in the video describe their
    children in terms of gender?How do parental
    expectations contribute to childrens ideas of
    gender-appropriate roles and activities?

51
Lessons in Observation Gender
  • In what ways does the physical environment
    reinforce gender role stereotypes and
    gender-typed behavior?Give examples from the
    video.
  • At what age do children begin to engage in
    gender-specific play.Describe the play
    interactions illustrated on the video. Are the
    children engaged in gender specific play
    activities?Do they learn to choose these play
    activities, or are they biologically based? Why?
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