IWAC

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College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and
Education
Electronic Warfare IW - 150
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AFDD 2-5
INFORMATION SUPERIORITY
INFORMATION OPERATIONS
Successfully executed Information
Operations achieve information superiority
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Overview
EW FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRONIC ATTACK - Basics - Assets
ELECTRONIC SUPPORT - Basics - Assets
ELECTRONIC PROTECT - Basics - Assets
INTEGRATION
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Electronic Warfare

• any military action involving the use of
  electromagnetic and directed energy to control
  the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack an
  adversary.

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Why is Electronic Warfare a pillar of
Information Warfare?
INFORMATION FUNCTIONS ACROSS THE EM SPECTRUM!

• Examples
• Laser Rangefinders
• Microwave Comms
• Radar Surveillance
• Electronic ID (IFF)
• Infrared Imagery
• EHF for Satellite Control

• COMINT
• COMMS
• SIGINT
• Denial (OPSEC)
• Indications Warning
• Deception

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IW Flights at Selected NAFs

• MISSION Provide full OCI/DCI planning capability
  to the NAF

26-29 Personnel
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The range of frequencies of electromagnetic
  radiation from zero to infinity

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EM SPECTRUM
T H z
3 0 0 0
3 0 0 T H z
3 G H z
3 0 0 K H z
3 0 G H z
3 M H z
3 0 M H z
3 0 0 M H z
3 0 0 G H z
3 T H z
3 0 T H z
D C
VISIBLE
INFINITY
ELECTRO-OPTICAL
RADIO WAVES
X-RAYS
MM
MICROWAVES
INFRARED
WAVES
GAMMA
RAYS
UHF
EHF
MF
HF
SHF
VHF
1km
1m
1 mm
1 um
.1 um
.72 um
.4 um
WAVELENGTH
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Frequency Bands

• LF LORAN C 100 kHz
• MF LORAN A 1750-1950 kHz
• AM RADIO 535-1605 kHz
• HF CITIZENS BAND 26.965-27.405 MHz
• VHF TV (CH 2-6) 54-88 MHz
• FM RADIO 88-108 MHz
• VOR 108 - 118 MHz
• VHF COMM 118 - 136 MHz
• TV (CH 7-13) 174-216MHz
• UHF UHF COMM 225 - 400 MHz
• TV (CH 14-83) 470-890 MHz
• TACAN 962-1213 MHz

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EW FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRONIC ATTACK
ELECTRONIC SUPPORT
ELECTRONIC PROTECT
INTEGRATION
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Electronic Attack

• That division of electronic warfare involving the
  use of electromagnetic (EM), directed energy (DE)
  or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel,
  facilities, or equipment with the intent
  of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy
  combat capability
  

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Anti-Radiation Munitions

• Any munition using an enemys source of
  electromagnetic radiation as a primary means of
  terminal guidance for the purpose of damaging or
  destroying the source

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ARM Effects?
SA-2 FAN SONG RADAR
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Directed Energy

• Directed energy is an umbrella term for
  technologies relating to the production of a beam
  of concentrated EM energy or atomic or subatomic
  particles
  

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LASERS

• Common on the battlefield
• Low power
• Dazzle / disorient personnel
• Degrade sensors / optics
• Objects with or near the source veiled
• High power
• Eye damage
• Destroy sensors / optics
• Damage / degrade guidance seeker hardware
• At long ranges dazzle / disorient
  

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NonDestructive EA

• Jamming
• Electromagnetic Deception

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Noise Jamming
The deliberate radiation, reradiation or
reflection of electromagnetic energy

• Advantages
• Instantaneous application
• Repeated applications
• Degrades radar capabilities
• Disadvantages
• Loss of surprise
• Effects on friendly systems
• Effectiveness measured by end game response

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Electromagnetic Jamming
...Often a battle of brute force
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Electronic Attack Assets

• EC-130H
• F-16 CJ
• EA-6B
• DRONES

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EC-130HCompass Call
ROLE Conducts information warfare using a
computer-assisted and operator-controlled narrow
band comm data-link jammer system
DESIGNED TO COUNTER Air-to-air communication
systems (A/A) Airborne-controlled intercept
systems (ACI) Ground-controlled intercept systems
(GCI) Command and control networks (C2)
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F-16CJ Wild Weasel
ROLE Multi-role, single seat, all weather, air
superiority fighter
MISSIONS Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
(SEAD) Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses (DEAD)
Offensive-Counter Air (OCA) Defensive-Counter
Air (DCA)
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EA-6BProwler
ROLE To support strike aircraft and ground
troops by degrading enemy electronic activity and
to obtain tactical electronic intelligence
MISSIONS Electronic Support (ES) Electronic
Attack (EA) Suppression of Enemy Air Defense
(SEAD)
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Electronic Deception

• The deliberate radiation, re-radiation,
  alteration, absorption, or reflection of
  electromagnetic energy in a manner to mislead an
  enemy in the interpretation or use of information
  received by his electronic systems
  

• Meaconing
• Chaff
• Flares
• A-10 Rudders
• B-2 Engines
• Stealth Technology

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Chaff

• Thin strips of metal or metalized glass
• Reradiate the radar energy
• Cut to counter specific frequencies
• Purpose
• Generate False Targets
• Deny Radar Scan (Chaff Corridor)
• Track breaking (against target trackers)
• In operational use since 1943

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Flares

• Rapid burning dispensable
• Function
• Decoy for IR missile
• Characteristics
• Must have more IR energy in the missiles FOV
  than the aircraft
• Appropriate frequency coverage
• Enough burn time

LARGE FOV
SMALL FOV
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Drones

• Designed to saturate the enemys air defense
  systems
• Act as missile bait
• Quail
• Sampson
• TALD
• Shooters?

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OVERVIEW
EW FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRONIC ATTACK
ELECTRONIC SUPPORT
ELECTRONIC PROTECT
INTEGRATION
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Electronic Protect

• Actions taken to protect personnel, facilities,
  and equipment from any effects of friendly or
  enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize,
  or destroy friendly combat capability.

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EMCON

• Emissions control
• Selective and controlled use of EM, acoustic, or
  other emitters to optimize C2 capabilities while
  minimizing detection of enemy sensors
• Example Turn off mapping radar...
• Turn off IFF?
• What sort of IW is EMCON?

Defensive Counterinformation
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EM Hardening

• Action taken to protect personnel, facilities,
  and/or equipment against undesirable effects of
  EM energy
• Methods
• Filtering
• Attenuating
• Grounding
• Shielding

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Frequency Deconfliction

• Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL)
• Guarded
• Frequencies exploited by intelligence
• Restricted
• Friendly frequencies which should not be
  jammed unless absolutely necessary
• Taboo
• Friendly frequencies that must never be jammed
• Who cares about the JRFL?

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Other EP Techniques

• WARM
• Frequency Hopping
• Directional Antennas
• LPI
• Go off spectrum

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EW FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRONIC ATTACK
ELECTRONIC SUPPORT
ELECTRONIC PROTECT
INTEGRATION
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Electronic Support

• Actions taken by, or under direct control of an
  operational commander to search for, identify,
  and locate sources of radiated electromagnetic
  energy for immediate threat recognition in
  support of EW and other tactical operations

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Electronic Support

• ES provides a source of information required for
  immediate decisions involving electronic attack
  (EA), avoidance, targeting and other tactical
  employment of forcesparticularly SEAD forces!
• ES assets and data can also be used to produce
  signals intelligence (SIGINT), communications
  intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence
  (ELINT)

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Electronic Support Assets

• U-2 EP-3
• RC-12 RC-135

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U-2SDragon Lady
ROLE ES / SIGINT / IMINT support to theater
commander, battlestaff warfighters
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EP-3 Aries

• ROLE MISSION
• Multi-INT scientific and technical collection of
  naval and littoral targets
• Fleet support

• SENSORS
• ACINT
• COMINT
• ELINT
• LASINT
• IMINT oblique camera, vertical camera, FLIR,
  TOSS

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RC-12 Guardrail

• US Army modified C-12
• COMINT / ELINT collection program
• Common sensor
• Tethered to a ground site
• Subordinate to army corps CC

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RC-135Rivet Joint
ROLE Collect, correlate, fuse, and disseminate
tactical intelligence in near real-time to the
warfighter
DESIGNED TO Conduct electronic warfare
support Provide ELINT and COMINT Establish OB
baselines Provide indications and
warnings Provide limited BDA
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AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS

• Computer driven
• Timeliness
• Data link
• Accuracy
• LOBs
• Limited parametric data
• RF, PRI, PW
• Process thousands of signals per mission
• Hundreds of signals simultaneously

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THE FUTURE - UAVs

• 5 UAVs UNDER DEVELOPMENT
• JOINT AIRBORNE SIGINT ARCHITECTURE (JASA)

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EW FUNDAMENTALS
ELECTRONIC ATTACK
ELECTRONIC SUPPORT
ELECTRONIC PROTECT
INTEGRATION
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SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE (SEAD)

• That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or
  temporarily degrades enemy air defenses in a
  specific area by physical attack, deception
  and/or electronic warfare

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Goals of SEAD

• Isolate -- SAM or AAA operator from C2
• Minimize --shrink associated weapons system
  engagement envelope (jamming and deception)
• Disable/Destroy -- the weapon system (ARMs,
  bombs, etc.)
• Bombs on Target -- allow the strike package to
  deliver ordnance on the JFACCs targets.

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Theater SEAD Campaign Integrates IW, IIW, and EW

• EAHARMs, Jamming Acquisition radars, Deceiving
  Passive collectors, denying Comms
• ES--Use of Collectors to target IADS nodes (TCT)
  and provide warning to strikers/HVAA
• OPSEC to protect mission
• PSYOPS to reinforce desired behavior
• Information Attack Deceive or Deny IADS
• IIW IPB, fused real-time intel, assessment