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Title: BASAL EUTHERIANS


1
BASAL EUTHERIANS INSECTIVORES EDENTATES
2
Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal
level Class MAMMALIA Subclass - PROTOTHERIA
Order - Monotremata - echidnas and
platypus 5 species Subclass - THERIA
Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials) Order
Didelphimorphia - opossums 87 species Order
Paucituberculata - rat oppossums 6 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte, Ilaca
1 species Order Dasyuromorphia - extinct
Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc. 71 spp.
Order Peramelemorphia - bandicoots 21 species
Order Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole" 2
species Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats,
kangaroos possums 143 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia) Order
Afrosoricida tenrecs golden moles 51
species Order Macroscelidea - elephant shrews 15
species Order Tubulidentata - Aardvark 1
species Order Hyracoidea - hyraxes 4 species
Order Proboscidea - elephants 3 species Order
Sirenia - dugongs and manatees 5 species Order
Cingulata - Armadillos 21 species Order Pilosa -
Sloths, anteaters 10 species Order Scandentia -
tree shrews 20 species Order Dermoptera -
Colugos 2 species Order Primates - lemurs,
monkeys and apes 376 species Order Rodentia -
rodents 2277 species Order Lagomorpha - hares,
rabbits and pikas 92 species Order
Erinaceomorpha hedgehogs, gymnures 24
species Order Soricomorpha shrews, moles 428
species Order Chiroptera - Bats 1116 species
Order Pholidota - pangolins 7 species Order
Carnivora - cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons
etc. 286 species Order Perissodactyla - horses,
tapirs rhinos 17 species Order Artiodactyla -
pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer
240 species Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins
84 species   Totals (2005) 5416 species of
Recent mammals 5080 species of Recent
placental mammals Wilson, D. L. D. M.
Reeder (eds) 2005. Mammal Species of the World,
3rd ed. Johns Hopkins Press
3
Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal
level Class MAMMALIA Subclass - PROTOTHERIA
Order - Monotremata - echidnas and
platypus 5 species Subclass - THERIA
Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials) Order
Didelphimorphia - opossums 87 species Order
Paucituberculata - rat oppossums 6 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte, Ilaca
1 species Order Dasyuromorphia - extinct
Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc. 71 spp.
Order Peramelemorphia - bandicoots 21 species
Order Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole" 2
species Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats,
kangaroos possums 143 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia) Order
Afrosoricida tenrecs golden moles 51
species Order Macroscelidea - elephant shrews 15
species Order Tubulidentata - Aardvark 1
species Order Hyracoidea - hyraxes 4 species
Order Proboscidea - elephants 3 species Order
Sirenia - dugongs and manatees 5 species Order
Cingulata - Armadillos 21 species Order Pilosa -
Sloths, anteaters 10 species Order Scandentia -
tree shrews 20 species Order Dermoptera -
Colugos 2 species Order Primates - lemurs,
monkeys and apes 376 species Order Rodentia -
rodents 2277 species Order Lagomorpha - hares,
rabbits and pikas 92 species Order
Erinaceomorpha hedgehogs, gymnures 24
species Order Soricomorpha shrews, moles 428
species Order Chiroptera - Bats 1116 species
Order Pholidota - pangolins 7 species Order
Carnivora - cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons
etc. 286 species Order Perissodactyla - horses,
tapirs rhinos 17 species Order Artiodactyla -
pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer
240 species Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins
84 species   Totals (2005) 5416 species of
Recent mammals 5080 species of Recent
placental mammals Wilson, D. L. D. M.
Reeder (eds) 2005. Mammal Species of the World,
3rd ed. Johns Hopkins Press
94
4
CHANGING PLACENTAL CLASSIFICATION Eutherian
Orders and Superorders
MORPHOLOGY (phenetic) EUTHERIA Unguiculata
Order Insectivora (incl. Macroscelidea
Tenrecoidea Chrysochloridae)
Order Dermoptera Order Chiroptera
Order Primates (incl. Scandentia)
Order Xenarthra Order Pholidota Glires
Order Lagomorpha Order Rodentia Mutica
Order Cetacea Ferungulata Order
Carnivora Protungulata Order
Tubulidentata Paenungulata Order
Proboscidea Order Hyracoidea Order
Sirenia Mesaxonia Order Perissodactyla
Paraxonia Order Artiodactyla
MORPHOLOGY (cladistic) EUTHERIA Xenarthra
Order Cingulata Order Pilosa Epitheria
Order Macroscelidea Order Lagomorpha
Order Rodentia Ferae Order Pholidota
Order Carnivora Lipotyphla Order
Chrysochloridae Order Erinaceomorpha
Order Soricomorpha (incl. Tenrecoidea)
Archonta Order Chiroptera Order Primates
(incl. Dermoptera) Order Scandentia
Ungulata Order Tubulidentata Order
Cetacea Order Artiodactyla Order
Perissodactyla Order Hyracoidea Order
Sirenia Order Proboscidea
MORPHOLOGY GENES (cladistic) EUTHERIA
Afrotheria Order Tubulidentata Order
Macroscelidea Order Tenrecoidea Order
Chrosochloridae Order Proboscidea Order
Hyracoidea Order Sirenia Xenarthra
Order Cingulosa Order Pilosa
Euarchontoglires Order Primates Order
Scandentia Order Dermoptera Order
Lagomorpha Order Rodentia Laurasiatheria
Order Erinaceomorpha Order Soricomorpha
Order Chiroptera Order Carnivora Order
Pholidota Order Perissodactyla Order
Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla
plus Cetacea)
Simpson, G. G. 1945. Principals of
classification and a classification of mammals.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, 851-350. McKenna, M. C. S. K. Bell.
1997. Classification of mammals above the
species level. Columbia University, New
York. Murphy, W. J., et al. 2001. Resolution
of the early placental mammal radiation.
Science, 2942348-2351.
5
CHANGING PLACENTAL CLASSIFICATION Eutherian
Orders and Superorders
MORPHOLOGY (phenetic) EUTHERIA Unguiculata
Order Insectivora (incl. Macroscelidea
Tenrecoidea Chrysochloridae)
Order Dermoptera Order Chiroptera
Order Primates (incl. Scandentia)
Order Xenarthra Order Pholidota Glires
Order Lagomorpha Order Rodentia Mutica
Order Cetacea Ferungulata Order
Carnivora Protungulata Order
Tubulidentata Paenungulata Order
Proboscidea Order Hyracoidea Order
Sirenia Mesaxonia Order Perissodactyla
Paraxonia Order Artiodactyla
MORPHOLOGY (cladistic) EUTHERIA Xenarthra
Order Cingulata Order Pilosa Epitheria
Order Macroscelidea Order Lagomorpha
Order Rodentia Ferae Order Pholidota
Order Carnivora Lipotyphla Order
Chrysochloridae Order Erinaceomorpha
Order Soricomorpha (incl. Tenrecoidea)
Archonta Order Chiroptera Order Primates
(incl. Dermoptera) Order Scandentia
Ungulata Order Tubulidentata Order
Cetacea Order Artiodactyla Order
Perissodactyla Order Hyracoidea Order
Sirenia Order Proboscidea
MORPHOLOGY GENES (cladistic) EUTHERIA
Afrotheria Order Tubulidentata Order
Macroscelidea Order Tenrecoidea Order
Chrysochloridae Order Proboscidea Order
Hyracoidea Order Sirenia Xenarthra
Order Cingulosa Order Pilosa
Euarchontoglires Order Primates Order
Scandentia Order Dermoptera Order
Lagomorpha Order Rodentia Laurasiatheria
Order Erinaceomorpha Order Soricomorpha
Order Chiroptera Order Carnivora Order
Pholidota Order Perissodactyla Order
Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla
plus Cetacea)
Simpson, G. G. 1945. Principals of
classification and a classification of mammals.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, 851-350. McKenna, M. C. S. K. Bell.
1997. Classification of mammals above the
species level. Columbia University, New
York. Murphy, W. J., et al. 2001. Resolution
of the early placental mammal radiation.
Science, 2942348-2351.
6
CHANGING PLACENTAL CLASSIFICATION Eutherian
Orders and Superorders
Simpson, G. G. 1945. Principals of
classification and a classification of mammals.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, 851-350. McKenna, M. C. S. K. Bell.
1997. Classification of mammals above the
species level. Columbia University, New
York. Murphy, W. J., et al. 2001. Resolution
of the early placental mammal radiation.
Science, 2942348-2351.
7
Molecular phylogeny of placentals
Four Superorders
Northern Continents
South America
Africa
From Springer et al. 2005. Molecular evidence
for major placental clades Chap. 4, The Rise of
Placental Mammals.
8
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9
Insectivores
10
OLDEST EUTHERIAN ? Eomaia early
Cretaceous (China)
5 1 5 3 4 1 5 3
_______
54
11
LATE CRETACEUS BASAL EUTHERIANS (Asia
North America)
Kennalestes
Cimolestes Zalmbdalestes
_______
4 1 4 3 3 1 4 3
46
12
Leptictis
13
ORDER TAENIODONTA Paleocene Eocene
Asia, N. America
1-2 1 4 3 1-3 1 4 3
_______
36- 42
Onychodectes
Stylinodon
14
ORDER PANTODONTA Paleocene Eocene Asia,
N. America
Barylambda
Coryphodon Caenolambda
Pantolambda
15
ORDER DINOCERATA (Uintatheres) Paleocene
Eocene (N. America, Asia)
0 1 3 3 3 1 3-4 3
________
34 - 36
Prodinoceras
Uintatherium
16
PRIMITIVE INSECTIVORA
17
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18
Insectivores
19
Recent insectivore families Order
Insectivora Erinaceidaae hedgehogs
gymnures Solenodontidae -- solenodons
Nesophontidae (recently extinct) Soricidae
shrews Talpidae moles desmans Tenrecidae --
tenrecs Chrysochloridae golden moles
20
Recent insectivore families Now placed in
three orders Order Erinaceomorpha Erinaceidaae
hedgehogs gymnures Order
Soricomorpha Solenodontidae -- solenodons
Nesophontidae (recently extinct) Soricidae
shrews Talpidae moles desmans Order
Afrosoricida Tenrecidae -- tenrecs Chrysochlorida
e golden moles
21
Molecular phylogeny of placentals
From Springer et al. 2005. Molecular evidence
for major placental clades Chap. 4, The Rise of
Placental Mammals.
22
CLADOGRAM OF LIVING INSECTIVORES
(Morphology)
AFROSORICIDA
23
ORDER SORICOMORPHA Family Nesophontidae
Solenodons 1 genus 2 species Greater
Antilles
Solenodon
3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3
40
24
ORDER SORICOMORPHA Family Nesophontidae
(extinct island shrews) Greater Antilles
Nesophontes
3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3
40
25
23 genera 312 species Americas, Africa, Asia
ORDER SORICOMORPHA Family Soricidae
Sorex Blarina
Suncus
3 1 1-3 3 1-2 0-1 1 3
26-32
http//www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Sorex_ar
aneus/Sorex_araneus_00.html?movietypewmMed
26
ORDER SORICOMORPHA Family Talpidae (moles
desmans) 17 genera 42 species N America, Eurasia
Talpa
Condylura
2-3 1 3-4 3 1-3 0-1 3-4 3
32-34
Galemys (Iberian desman)
27
ORDER ERINACEOMORPHA Family Nesophontidae
Hedgehogs, Gymnures, Moonrats 7 genera, 21
species Europe, Asia, Africa
Erinaceus
Echinosorex
Podogymnura
28
ORDER AFROSORICIDA
Family Tenrecidae -- Cladogram
29
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30
ORDER AFROSORICIDA Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Potamogalinae (otter shrews)
2 genera, 3 species (central Africa)
Potamogale
Micropotamogale
Subfamily Geogalinae (large-eared tenrec)
1 genus, 1 species (Madagascar)
Geogale
31
ORDER AFROSORICIDA Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Tenrecinae (hedgehog tenrecs)
4 genera 4 species Madagascar
2-3 1 2-3 2-4 --------------------
32-40 2-3 1 2-3 2-3
Hemicentetes
Echinops
Tenrec
Setifer
32
ORDER AFROSORICIDA Family Tenrecidae
Subfamily Oryzorictinae (aquatic tenrecs,
rice tenrecs, shrew tenrecs) 3 genera 16
species Madagascar
Microgale
Oryzorictes
33
ORDER AFROSORICIDA Family Tenrecidae
Family Chrosochloridae (golden moles)
7 genera 18 species S Africa
Eremitalpa
Amblysomus
34
ORDER EDENTATA Infraorder Cingulata Dasypodida
e - armadillos Glyptodontidae -
glyptodonts Infraorder Pilosa Myrmecophagidae
- anteaters Bradypodidae 3-toed
sloths Megalonychidae 2-toed sloths
extinct sloths Mylodontidae
extinct ground sloths ORDER PHOLIDOTA Manidae
-- pangolins
35
ORDER CINGULATA Dasypodidae - armadillos
Glyptodontidae - glyptodonts ORDER
PILOSA Myrmecophagidae - anteaters Bradypodidae
3-toed sloths Megalonychidae 2-toed
sloths extinct sloths
Mylodontidae extinct ground sloths ORDER
PHOLIDOTA Manidae -- pangolins ORDER
PALAEODONTA
36
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37
Edentates
38
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39
Edentates
40
Molecular phylogeny of placentals
41
CLASS XENARTHRA Temporal distribution and
phylogenetic relationships
From Rose Archibald, 2005
42
ORDER CINGULATA Family Dasypodidae 8 genera, 20
species N S America
Dasypus
Chlamyphorus
Priodontes
Tolypeutes
43
ORDER CINGULATA Family Glyptodontidae
glyptodonts
Proeutatus Oligocene Miocene S. America
Glyptodon Pleistocene N S America
Glyptotherium Pliocene-Pleistocene N. America
44
ORDER PILOSA Family Bradypodidae Three-toed
sloths 1 genus 3 species Central S America
Bradypus
45
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46
ORDER PILOSA extinct ground sloths
Megatherium (Megatheriidae)
Pliocene-Pleistocene N S America Megalonyx
(Megalonychidae) Pliocene-Pleistocene N.
America Glossotherium (Mylodontidae) Plioc
ene-Pleistocene N S America
47
XENARTHRA relationships mtDNA
48
ORDER PILOSA Family Myrmecophagidae (anteaters) 3
genera, 4 species Central S America
Cylopes
Myrmecophaga
Tamandua
http//www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Myrmecop
haga_tridactyla/Myrmecophaga_tridactyla_08.html?mo
vietypewmMed
49
ORDER PHOLIDOTA Temporal distribution and
phylogenetic relationships
50
ORDER PALAEODONTA
Excavatodon (Paleocene) N.
America Metacheiromys (Eocene) N.
America Ernanodon (Paleocene) China
51
ORDER PHOLIDOTA Family Manidae (pangolins) 1
genus 7 species Africa, Asia
Manis
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