Reformas en puertos en Am

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Latin American Ports and Transport Infrastructure
Challenges
FERNANDO SÁNCHEZ-ALBAVERA DIRECTOR DIVISION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ECLAC,
UNITED NATIONS
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General ideas

• Maritime transport has followed the steps of the
  world economy, the new role of trade and the new
  economic geography
• Maritime transport and logistic, jointly with the
  communications revolution, are responsibles for
  globalization
• Trade is the driver of economic growth
• A positive and close relationship exists between
  infrastructure, transport and logistic services
  improvements and the economic growth
• Changes in the transport industry during the last
  years have been dramatic and stabilization will
  take time
• Changes in maritime transport depend more and
  more on the great changes in the world economy
• It is necessary to be alert to changes in general
  macroeconomic conditions
• The ports in Latin America, as development keys,
  show a modernization process with different level
  of progress and related problems

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ECONOMIC REFORM INDEX IN LATIN AMERICA
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Economic growth in Latin America
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International trade in global economic growth
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Foreign investments in Latin America (USD
Thousands)
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TRADE AGREEMENTS
OMC

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EXPORTS GROWTH2000 100
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TRADE AGREEMENTS of national exports
Fuente CEPAL, Naciones Unidas  ACPI Acuerdos
Comerciales Preferenciales intrarregionales ACPE
Acuerdos Comerciales Preferenciales
extrarregionales ACP Acuerdos Comerciales
Preferenciales
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EXCHANGE TRADE INDEX
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Latin America Port Laws Reforms

• Port Laws
• 1991 Colombia, Argentina
• 1992 Brazil, Uruguay
• 1993 Mexico
• 1997 Chile, Panama
• 1999 Paraguay
• 2000 Colombia
• 2001 Venezuela
• 2002 El Salvador
• 2003 Peru

• Franchised or Private Ports
• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Cuba
• Mexico
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Uruguay

Underlined Approved laws / partial or no reforms
Underlined No special laws / reforms done
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Reform Characteristics

• Reformed public ports were transferred to the
  landlord system
• There are major industrial, specialized, and
  highly-efficient private ports
• There are (new) major highly-efficient private
  ports of public use when authorized by law
• Sizable share of foreign capital investments,
  with exceptions
• Some performance and institutional differences
  can be observed between reformed ports
• In many countries, there is no relation among
  port reforms, transport, and logistics.

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Economic vs. port activityBase 1996100,
according to TEUS
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Economic vs. port activityBase 1996100,
according to MT tr.
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Port movement index, by regions. Base 2000100
2001-2004 and forecast to 2009
Source author based on ECLAC and Drewry Shipping
Consultant Ltd. info
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Comparative efficiency. A growth path.
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Productivity changes
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Ship size in Latinamerican ports, 1984-2005
Arrived !
Panamá, No transit
Fuente Ricardo J. Sánchez, CEPAL, sobre la base
de informaciones propias, y la gentileza de
Doerr, O. y Victor H. Tarántola.
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Port depths in Latin America
Sufficient for future needs 8 Around 42 feet
Mid situation 7 Around 39 feet
Sufficient only for current needs 29 Around 32 feet
Insufficient 7 Around 26 feet
Survey Main container ports, 17 countries 51 ports of Latin America, off Caribbean Survey Main container ports, 17 countries 51 ports of Latin America, off Caribbean Survey Main container ports, 17 countries 51 ports of Latin America, off Caribbean

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Some outlooks

• The perspectives for the next years (2006-2007)
  are positive, with an expected annual growth of
  9-10.
• The negative perspectives are associated to oil
  prices that could continue to increase.
• The Far East and China will continue as leaders
  of higher growth, although ISC will also lead.
  There are new opportunities for Latin America.
• Transport frequency will increase from the Far
  East to United States through the Panama Canal,
  resulting in more possibilities of transshipping
  in Latin America.
• The expansion of the Terminals in Panama, Mexico
  and the Caribbean (Colombia?), within the
  framework of known merges, will change the
  patterns of maritime trade in Latin America. The
  least developed ports must prepare themselves,
  but more developed must be alert too!
• Cargo shippers will have to adopt other
  negotiation strategies to encounter the above
  mentioned changes. The relevance of the learning
  curve.
• Pressures on ports will increase both in
  investment requirements as well as in price
  discrimination practices.

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Work ideas

• Growth in trade and port traffic remain strong
• Bigger ships and higher frequency are expected
• The consolidation process in ports and transport
  will continue
• Port development capacity must go ahead of demand

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• More speed is required in the containers
  operation, otherwise new bigger ships have no
  sense.
• The main ports of the world are technically
  prepared for the change . and Latin America?
• The strategic planning process is crucial.
• All the traffic to all ports?
• The port congestion is an increasing problem
  what happens to logistic congestion?
• There are regulatory problems associated to the
  maturation and development of port reforms.

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Conclusions In a context with apparently
favorable economic and business conditions in the
region, with fewer uncertainties as to the demand
for the products exported by the region, the port
development and related services, especially the
logistic, come across both barriers and favorable
aspects

• Opportunities
• Good trade and macro prospects in the region
• Good port development, at terminal level, yet
  with differences among countries
• Higher demand for services due to a sustained
  increase in both international and intraregional
  trade
• Higher demand for services due to the operating
  changes in the maritime transport service

• Barriers
• Current ports vs. future fleet
• Logistic services not mature
• The limitations and insufficiencies of the
  transport system may restrict trade
• Funding problems
• Instability in local policies for the
  provisioning of port services, as well as in
  investment conditions
• Lack of appropriate distribution ports,
  especially in the Pacific coast

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Final thoughts

• Ports are more important than we thought, and
  they will be even more!
• Can we keep on thinking separately ports from
  logistic?
• Do we have time to loose?
• Which is the temporary difference between trade
  evolution and achievements in infrastructure
  transport, logistics and ports?
• Can we risk the driver of growth and
  competitiveness?

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Aportes de la CEPAL/DRNI al desarrollo marítimo,
portuario y logístico en América Latina y el
Caribe

• Misiones de asistencia técnica a los países y
  organismos regionales de integración, al sector
  público y privado
• Organización y participación en conferencias,
  seminarios y reuniones de expertos
• BIENIO 2004/2005 42 misiones
• Colaboraciones con organismos especializados
  IIRSA, CIP/OEA, AAPA (American Association of
  Port Authorities), OMI, PIANC (International
  Navigation Association), IAME (International
  Association of Maritime Economists), etc.
• Estudios y publicaciones

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Estudios Series DRNI (1)

• Medidas de productividad para la industria
  portuaria. Aplicación en América Latina y el
  Caribe Octavio Doerr Núñez y Ricardo J. Sánchez,
  dic. del 2005.
• Hacia un desarrollo sustentable e integrado de la
  Amazonía, Pedro Bara Nieto, Ricardo J. Sánchez,
  Gordon Wilmsmeier, noviembre del 2005.
• Infraestructura y servicios de transporte
  ferroviario vinculados a las vías de navegación
  fluvial en América del Sur, Gordon Wilmsmeier,
  nov. del 2005
• Ciudades puerto en la economía globalizada
  alcances teóricos de la arquitectura
  organizacional de los flujos portuarios, José
  Granda, noviembre del 2005.
• Bridging infrastructural gaps in Central America
  prospects and potential for maritime transport,
  Ricardo J. Sánchez and Gordon Wilmsmeier,
  September, 2005.
• Provisión de infraestructura de transporte en
  América Latina experiencia reciente y problemas
  observados, Ricardo J. Sánchez y Gordon
  Wilmsmeier, agosto del 2005.
• El desarrollo productivo basado en la explotación
  de los recursos naturales, Fernando Sánchez
  Albavera, diciembre del 2004.
• Puertos y transporte marítimo en América Latina y
  el Caribe un análisis de su desempeño reciente,
  Ricardo J. Sánchez, noviembre del 2004.

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Estudios Series DRNI (2)

• Protección marítima y portuaria en América del
  Sur, Ricardo J. Sánchez, Rodrigo García, Martín
  Sgut y otros, noviembre del 2004
• Concesiones viales en América Latina situación
  actual y perspectivas, Alberto Bull, septiembre
  del 2004.
• Desarrollo de infraestrucutura y crecimiento
  económico revisión conceptual, Patricio Rozas y
  Ricardo Sánchez, agosto del 2004.
• Comercio entre los países de América del Sur y
  los países de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM)
  el papel que desempeñan los servicios de
  transporte, Ricardo Sánchez y Myriam Echeverría,
  noviembre del 2003.
• El pago por el uso de la infraestructura de
  transporte vial, ferroviario y portuario,
  concesionada al sector privado, Ricardo Sánchez,
  noviembre del 2003.
• Acceso a la información una tarea pendiente para
  la regulación latinoamericana, Andrei Jouravlev,
  agosto del 2003.
• Identificación de obstáculos al transporte
  terrestre internacional de cargas en el Mercosur,
  Ricardo J. Sánchez y Georgina Cipoletta Tomasian,
  mayo del 2003.

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Estudios Series DRNI (3). En proceso

• Las regulaciones de seguridad en puertos y
  buques, un año después del Código PBIP de la OMI.
  Costos y desempeño actual.
• El impacto de las regulaciones bilaterales de
  seguridad portuaria en las negociaciones de los
  Tratados de Libre Comercio.
• Productividad en la industria portuaria. Segunda
  parte.
• Puertos y transporte marítimo en América Latina y
  el Caribe, versión 2005.

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Boletines FAL

• Nº 228 Agosto/2005 El ciclo marítimo y las
  tendencias de la industria en América Latina
• Nº 227 Julio/2005 Las medidas de protección
  portuaria Un año después del código de
  protección de buques e instalaciones portuarias
  (PBIP)
• Nº 227 Julio/2005 Port Security Measures One
  Year after the Entry into Force of the
  International Ship and Port Facility Security
  Code (ISPS Code)
• Nº 224 Abril/2005 Costos de transporte como
  barreras al comercio internacional de bienes
  agrícolas
• No.223 March/2005 Tourist Cruise Ships and the
  Trade in Services Recent Trends in Countries of
  the Caribbean Basin
• Nº 223 Marzo/2005 Los cruceros turísticos y el
  comercio de servicios tendencias recientes en
  los países de la Cuenca del Caribe
• No.221 January/2005 Recent increases in shipping
  costs and their impact on exports from Latin
  America
• Nº 221 Enero/2005 Los recientes aumentos en el
  costo del transporte marítimo y sus efectos sobre
  las exportaciones de América Latina
• No.216 August/2004 Maritime and port security in
  South America implementation costs
• Nº 216 Agosto/2004 Protección marítima y
  portuaria en Sudamérica los costos de
  implementación
• No.215 July/2004 Maritime and port security in
  South America the situation in mid-2004
• Nº 215 Julio/2004 Protección marítima y portuaria
  en Sudamérica la situación a mediados del 2004
• No. 213 May/2004 Ocean freight, shipbuilding
  costs and charter rates recent trends
• Nº 213 Mayo/2004 Fletes marítimos, precios de
  construcción y arriendo de buques sus cambios
  recientes
• No. 207 November/2003 Infrastructure, transport
  and production development in an agricultural
  region a case in Argentina.
• Nº 207 Noviembre/2003 Infraestructura, transporte
  y desarrollo productivo de una región agrícola
  un caso de Argentina

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Thank you very much

• Fernando Sánchez-Albavera
• Director
• Division of Natural Resources and Infrastructure
• ECLAC/UN
• 56 2 210 2257
• Fernando.Sanchez-Albavera_at_cepal.org

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